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Home » Scheidegger (Adler)

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Scheidegger (Adler) Typewriter Brand Notes

Willy Scheidegger Typing schools private-branded various models of typewriter for pupil use in class, including Triumph, Adler and Princess portables.

Scheidegger (Adler) Typewriter Serial Numbers

Brand: Adler Also known as • Adler-Piccola • Adlerette • Adlerita • Admiral • Aguia • Aguila • Aigle • Aquila • Blick (Adler) • Eagle • Opejtb • Orel • Orn • Scheidegger (Adler) • Vultur

Serial Number Table Last Edited: 01/21/18 02:02
NOTE: dates shown are JAN 1 unless noted, so the serial number shown is the *first* serial number produced the given year. Exceptions are serial numbers preceded by "up to"(where you can assume that the numbers reported in that subsection are DECEMBER 31, END OF YEAR NUMBERS) or rows where a month is given in the month column. If the serial number is shown as a range (xxxx-xxxx) it indicates that we know the entire range of serial numbers for the given year.

Models and s/n	Y	M	D	Remarks	Ref.
Platen Diameter				Model 7,8,11,15,16,17,19,25,31, Standard,Simplex,37: 1.377" (35mm) Model Standard Universal,Special,Record,Electric: 1.751" (44.5mm)	24
Models 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 25, 31, Standard, Simplex, 37 and small machines Models 1, 2, 30, 32, Favorit and Favorit 2
up to 4000	1898-1903			Starting: Model 7, three key-rows begins 1900 and Model 8, exchangeable typeset, begins 1902	7,10,13, 24
4001-10000	1905				7,10,13, 24
10001-24000	1906				6,7,10, 13,24
24001-28000	1907				6,7,10, 13,24
28001-40000	1908				6,7,10, 13,24
40001-50000	1909			Starting: Model 11: two typefaces ( languages) and Model 15: four key-rows	6,7,10, 13,24
50001-62000	1910			Starting: Model 14: billingmachine and Model 16: same as Model 15, but exchangeable typeset	6,7,10, 13,24
62001-75000	1911			Model 17: four rows, two typefaces ( languages)	6,7,10, 13,24
75001-90000	1912			Starting: Model 19: mathematical keyboard and small machine Model 1, push lever	6,7,10, 13,24
90001-102000	1913				6,7,10, 13,24
102001-112000	1914				6,7,10, 13,24
112001-115000	1915				6,7,10, 13,24
115001-120000	1916				6,7,10, 13,24
120001-124000	1917				6,7,10, 13,24
124001-155000	1918				6,7,10, 13,24
155001-170000	1919				6,7,10, 13,24
170001-190000	1920				6,7,10, 13,24
190001-212000	1921				6,7,10, 13,24
212001-229000	1922				6,7,10, 13,24
229001-255000	1923				68
255001-280000	1924				6,7,10, 13,24
280001-300000	1925			Starting: Model 25: four key-rows and small machine Model 2, push lever	6,7,10, 13,24
300001-330000	1926				6,7,10, 13,24
330001-350000	1927				6,7,10, 13,24
350001-360000	1928				6,7,10, 13,24
360001-400000	1929				6,7,10, 13,24
400001-410000	1930			Starting: Small machine Model 30, same as Model 2 for export	6,7,10, 13,24
410001-420000	1931			Starting: Model 31: swinging lever and Model Simplex: simplified Mod. 31 and small machine Model 32, swing lever	6,7,13, 24
420001-430000	1932				6,7,13, 24
430001-440000	1933				6,7,24
440001-450000	1934				6,7,13, 24
450001-465000	1935			Starting: small machine Model Favorit	6,7,13, 24
465001-490000	1936				7,13,24
490001-519000	1937			Starting: Model 37: push lever machine with simple switching	7,13,24
519001-544000	1938			Starting: Model Favorit 2	7,13,24
544001-582000	1939				7,13,24
582001-617000	1940				7,13,24
617001-625000	1941				6,13,24
--	1942			No Production, WW2	68
--	1943			No Production, WW2	68
--	1944			No Production, WW2	68
--	1945			No Production, WW2	68
625001-630000	1946				68
630001-660000	1947				68
660001-720000	1948				6,13,24
720001-800000	1949			Standard (schwarz) Began production 1949	24
800001-825000	1950				6,13,24
825001-842500	1951			"Universal", Standard Special and Record began production 1951	24
842501-900000	1952				6,13,24
900001-965000	1953				24
965001-1015000	1954				24
1015001-1065500	1955				24
1065501-1125000	1956				24
1125001-1174500	1957				24
1174501-1212800	1958				24
1212801-1270600	1959				24
1270601-1532900	1960				24
Standards
Universal
800001	1950				6,13,30
825590	1951				6,13,30
872701	1952				6,13,30
920000	1953				6,13,30
962001	1954				6,13,30
1010501	1955				6,30
1065501	1956				6,30
1125001	1957				6,30
1177001	1958				6,30
1224001	1959				6,30
1275001	1960				6,30
1329701	1961				6,30
1394891 to 1431600	1962				6,30
8017101	1963			Series Jump?	6,30
8074901	1964				6,30
8160107	1965				6,30
8266998	1966				6,30
8371564	1967				6,30
8435833	1968				6,30
8547920	1969				6,30
9030826	1970				6,30
9090009	1971				6,30
9248880	1972				6,30
9389385	1973				6,30
9498200	1974				30
9615790	1975				30
9800630	1976				30
9941040	1977				30
30000650	1977			New Series	30
30307315	1978			New Series	30
30423589	1979				30
Special and Record
2000001	1951				6,13
2001751	1952				6,13
2020002	1953				6,13
2036001	1954				6,13
2070001	1955				6
2106401	1956				6
2134501	1957				6
2153001	1958				6
2180001	1959				6
2190001	1960				6
2234461	1961				6
2261421	1962				6
2292801	1963				6
2320801	1964				6
2346678	1965				6
2377672	1966				6
2412542	1967				6
2423559	1968				6
2456338	1969				6
2484305	1970				6
2494501	1971				6
2526000	1972				6
2552300-2595941	1973				6,30
Privat
up to 3010000	1953				12
3018000	1954				12
Electric
L. & S.
6000046	1957				6,30
6001001	1958				6,30
6002101	1959				6,30
6005221	1960				6,30
6012441	1961				6,30
6119056	1962				6,30
6125255	1963				6,30
6127541 to 6128308	1964				6,30
'S'
6206000	1960				6,30
6212001	1961				6,30
6221001	1962				6,30
6225001	1963				6,30
6227001 to 6227852	1964				6,30
E.20
1735001 to 1736730	1961				6,30
and 7100000	1961				6,30
7101586 to 7103421	1962				6,30
E.21 and 21.F
7110000	1962				6,30
7111734 to 7119999	1963				6,30
7140000 to 7144999	1964				6,30
7145000	1965				6,30
7407670	1966				6,30
7469113	1967				6,30
7517923	1968				6,30
7593046	1969				6,30
7676056	1970				6,30
7827299	1971				6,30
7925220	1972				6,30
3138150	1972			new series	6,30
3263360	1973				6,30
3472650	1974				6,30
3515700-3708157	1975				6,30
3721114	1976				30
131F
3722160	1977				30
131D & 141D
3721617	1977				30
41033770	1978			New Series	30
41106951	1979				30
E.41
7130000	1963				6,30
7130818 to 7131999	1964				6,30
E.21/41C and 21D/41D
7301000	1964				6,30
7344175	1965				6,30
7410315	1966				6,30
7469086	1967				6,30
7532736	1968				6,30
7604331	1969				6,30
7698675	1970				6,30
7870530	1971				6,30
7934515	1972				6,30
E.21/41C and 21D/41D New Series
3101080	1971				6,30
3163810	1972				6,30
3292580	1973				6,30
3423030	1974				30
3546300	1975				30
3588008-3694494	1976				30
1000 (Single Element)
46200458	1978				30
46308967	1979				30
Gabriele 5000 Electric
6008680	1970				6,30
6023235	1971				6,30
6345580	1972				6,30
6419445	1973				6,30
6486166	1974				30
6544545	1975				30
6612200	1976				30
6670615	1977				30
6820023	1978				30
6875516	1979				30
Gabriele 2000 Electric
20009765	1973				30
20055335	1974				30
20075005	1975				30
20143715	1976				30
20186055	1977				30
20312108	1978				30
20369493	1979				30
MX Electric
6461540	1973				30
6485650	1974				30
6494947	1975				30
6595183	1976				30
6711210	1977				30
Portables
Platen Diameter				Model 1,2,30,32,46,Favorit 1,2,Adler-Privat,Tippa: 1.271" (32.3mm)	24
Privat
3000001 to 3008000	1953				1,30
3008001 to 3018000	1954				1,30
3018001 to 3027300	1955				1,30
3027301 to 3035150	1956				1,30
3035151 and up	1957				1,30
Primus/Junior 3
1630000	1959				1,30
1636901	1960				1,30
1644131 to 1649900	1961				1,30
3141120 to 3143000	1961			Series Jump	1,30
3144000 to 3147000	1962				1,30
3180000	1963				1,30
3319601	1964				1,30
3522870 to 3546000	1965				1,30
Favorit (new)
1654400	1959				1,30
1655251	1960				1,30
1659641 to 1661000	1961				1,30
3170000 to 3176000	1962				1,30
Junior E
1604000 to 1608000	1959				1,30
1608601 to 1615275	1960				1,30
1617000 to 2123000	1961				1,30
3121000 to 3192000	1962				1,30
3192001 to 3322600	1963				1,30
3322601 to 3522869	1964				1,30
3522870 to 3660000	1965				1,30
Tippa I & S
4170000	1959				6,30
4195001	1960				6,30
4210451	196i				6,30
4277000	1962				6,30
4332001	1963				6,30
4395101	1964				6,30
4526458	1965				6,30
4592513	1966				6,30
4701754	1967				6,30
4835621	1968				6,30
5008015	1969				6,30
5125873	1970				6,30
5176672	1971				6,30
5372550	1972				6,30
5520845	1973				6,30
5689135	1974				30
5723295	1975				30
10110300	1976				30
10181175	1977				30
10430001	1978				30
10679101	1979				30
Junior 10/20/30
3611000 up-wards	1965				6
Name "Junior" replaced by "Gabriele"	1966	Sep			6
Gabriele 20 (Old Junior 20)
3710318	1966				1
3852633	1967				6,30
3970133 to 4074470	1968				6,30
Gabriele 10 (Old Junior 10)
3780376	1966				6,30
3852931	1967				6,30
3956542	1968				6,30
4159522	1969				6,30
4314170	1970				6,30
4484507	1971				6,30
4800580	1972				6,30
4843905	1973				6,30
4986725-4998491 and 15229170 (new series)	1974				30
15412870	1975				30
15572380	1976				30
15654999	1977				30
15980433	1978				30
15025331	1979			Presumably, series wrapped back around to before the 15,200,000 restart in 1974, else this is a typo and is supposed to be 16025331.	30
Gabriele 30 (Old Junior 30)
3748562	1966				6
3852295	1967				6
3969867 to 4073545	1968				6
Gabriele 25 and Adler J4
4096503	1968				6,30
4166304	1969				6,30
4354397	1970				6,30
4384999	1971				6,30
4832420	1972				6,30
4986135 to 4999572	1973				6,30
15015260	1974				30
15356875	1975				30
15611890	1976				30
15673670	1977				30
15980736	1978				30
18021199	1979			Series number jump, notable because the Gabriele 10 stays at 15 million, Gabriele 25 jumps to 18 million, and Gabriele 35 jumps to 16 million. Perhaps this was meant to split the various models into "prefixes".	30
Gabriele 35 and Adler J5
4096737	1968				6,30
4139863	1969				6,30
4348192	1970				6,30
4524633	1971				6,30
4774340	1972				6,30
4990885 to 4998781	1973				6,30
15080500	1974			Series Jump	30
15280580	1975				30
15611890	1976				30
15681420	1977				30
15980255	1978				30
16025235	1979				30
Contessa
3004760	1971				6,30
3051500	1972				6,30
3075585 to 3076174	1973				6,30
5643875	1974			Series Jump?	30
5720335	1975				30
10131900	1976			Series Jump?	30
10325380	1977				30
10609123	1978				30
10678956	1979				30

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Reference numbers * Indicates source data the current list maintainer has access to. Usually it means we have a copy of the document in question, but it might be in the form of a later edition list. However, for the purposes of validation we have been able to confirm the source.     No. Literature 1 * Century of the Typewriter, Wilfred A. Beeching, publ. by the British Typewriter Museum, 1974, 1990, ISBN 0951679007 2 * Joan Sales,"Date your Underwood Typewriter" - Website : http://www.oocities.org/heartland/cottage/5405/serial.htm, reference to Richard Polt (note: The source for this article was at least partially Ref. #18) 3 Allowance Sheet 1918, made available by Andrew B. Schrader 4 Ernst Martin, Die Schreibmaschine und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte(The Typewriter and the history of it's developement), publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag and Basten International, 1920 to 1949 and reprints 5 * Darryl Rehr, Antique typewriters, by Schroeder publishing, Los Angeles, 1997, ISBN 0891457577 see: http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/book/book.html 6 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Bruce Beard, Australia (note: this reference same as #28) 7 * "Liste der Herstellungsdaten gangbarer Schreibmaschinen" Listing of the production dates of commen typewriters), publ. by Wochenschrift für Papier, Otto Hoffmann Verlag, 1941, Berlin, copies contributed by Mr. Paul Roberts, Netherlands. Current copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes. 8 * Richard Polt, adapted from the book of Paul Lippman, American Typewriters: A Collector's Encyclopedia (1992) and corrected, based on a list publ. in ETCetera #4 see: http://www.aquaporin4.com/etcetera/ETC.04.pdf 9 "Fabriknummernverzeichnis" (Factory number Listing), booklet which could be purchased optionally with book reference No. 4, edition 1941, publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag, Pappenheim 1941 10 "Fabrikationsdaten von Schreibmaschinen", listing of typewriter serial numbers for dealer's, 1942 and 1935, publ. by Carl Teege Verlag, Hamburg 11 Ames Supply General Catalog from 1949 12 Information contributed by Will Davis, see : http://www.hometown.aol.com/page3.html 13 Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslaendischer Schreibmaschinen, 10 Auflage, 1955, publ. by Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg (small book, pre-owned by the Adler Werke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer, Frankfurt) 14 Leonhard Dingwerth, Kleines Lexikon Historischer Schreibmaschinen (Small Lexicon of Historical Typewriters), publ. by Kunstgrafik Dingwerth, Eichendorffstr. 77, D-33415 Verl 15 * Office Typewriter Age List No. 26, publ. by Smith-Corona, by courtesy of Mr. Ron Fuller, Los Angeles, USA (note: this reference same as #22) 16 * American Typewriters - A Collector's Encyclopedia by Paul Lippman, 1992, Hoboken 17 * National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1964, provided by Bill Wahl 18 * Remington Information Binder (The Sheridan Binder), 1950's to 1970's, provided by Richard Polt. see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/09/07/in-preparation-for-an-updated-typewriter-serial-number-database-royal-portables/ 19 * Interview with P. Birchmeier, Aug. 2012, reported by Georg Sommeregger. see: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/theportabletypewriterforum/message/31895 20 * National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1980, provided by Bill Wahl. see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/04/22/national-office-machine-dealer-association-1972-typewriter-age-guide/ 21 * VOSS Schreibmaschinen, 2012, published by Georg Sommeregger. (HFW Schramm 11th ed. 1962) see: http://typewriters.ch/collection/VOSS.html 22 * Smith-Corona Age List #26, 1960, provided by Bill M. see: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/typewriter-serial-numbers.html and: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/moretypewriter-serial-numbers.html 23 * Shipman-Ward Office Machine Dealer's Line Book, Jan 1, 1954, provided by Bill Wahl. see: http://munk.org/typecast/2013/01/05/shipman-ward-dealers-line-book-1954%E2%80%93part-2-age-lists/ 24 * H.F.W. Schramm, Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und ausländischer Schreibmaschinen, 11th edition, Hans Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg 1962 - copy provided by Georg Sommeregger. Additional copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes. 25 * P. Frensel, Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion (einschliesslich der bis 1945 produzierten Schreibmaschinen in diesem Gebiet sowie der Produktion ab 1990), in: Schreibmaschinen- und Bureau-Zeitung, Nr. 10/1999, Nr. 11/2000, Nr. 12/2000 (originally published in: Mannheimer Hefte für Schriftvergleich, Nr. 1-2/1999) - provided by Georg Sommeregger "The development of the former GDR typewriter production (including typewriters produced on its territory until 1945 and production after 1990)" 26 * "The Writing Machine (A history of the typewriter)" Michael H. Adler 27 * "Antique Typewriters from Creed to QWERTY" Michael H. Adler 28 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Dec 1973 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Peter Brill, Australia (note: this reference same as #6) 29 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1971 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK 30 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1980 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK 31 * The Business Machines and Equipment Digest, publ. 1927 by Equipment-Research Corporation, copy contributed by Mark Adams. see: http://type-writer.org/?p=2850 32 * R. Blickensderfer and P. Robert, "The Five-Pound Secretary. An Illustrated History of the Blickensderfer Typewriter", publ. 2003 by The Virtual Typewriter Museum, excerpt contributed by Georg Sommeregger. 33 * Matricolario Olivetti, copy contributed by Enrico Morozzi. 34 * Olivetti Graphika Serial Number List, compiled by Domenico Scarzello. See: http://www.typewriterstory.com/index.php/ol-graphica 35 * Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1950. By Carl Teege, Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes. 36 * Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1953. Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes. 37 * National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, February 1, 1941. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt. 38 * Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. Remington Standard typewriter. New York : Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, [188-?], accessed from the Baker Library, Harvard Business School. See: http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2574435 39 * Documented Hammond Serial Numbers, V.4 Jan. 1, 2013 through V.7 Jul 20, 2017, Compiled by Peter Weil. 40 * Blick Billheads With Serial Numbers, Compiled by Peter Weil. 41 * Olympia, USA "Allowance Sheet T-58" (approx 1977). From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt. 42 * IBM Typewriters Serial Numbers 1946 to 1977, Montreal Branch - IBM Canada Ltd. Contributed to Yahoo GolfBallTypewriterShop group by Jacques Coulombe. 43 * Xerox Factbook 1987 See: http://simson.net/ref/Xerox/ 44 * IBM Selectric Adjustment & Parts Manual S241-5939-2 45 * Brother Service Update #31, June 20, 1985 See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-datecodes-1.jpg 46 * Brother Letter #0203 (10/1979) "How to Determine In-Warranty Typewriters" See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-warranty-3.jpg 47 * Brother Service Manuals and Addendums 1974-1990 "The Edsel R. Sanders Collection" See: http://munk.org/typecast/2014/05/06/a-brotherly-bonanza/ 48 * National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, 1977. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt. 49 * Brother Group Corporate Profile, 2014 See: http://download.brother.com/pub/com/en/corporate/pdf/2014/broa4_3334_en.pdf 50 * Victor Standard Typewriters, By Will Davis See: http://web.archive.org/web/20090830084402/http:/geocities.com/wbd641/Victor.html 51 * Die historische Entwicklung des Bet riebes Optima Erfurt (2008), by Eberhard Lippmann. Contributed by Vilhelm Dromberg 52 * Corona: The Personal Writing Machine, by S. L. Johnson See: http://www.sljohnson.net/typewriter/corona.html 53 * Standard Folding Typewriter by Richard Milton See: http://www.portabletypewriters.co.uk/portable_typewriters_standard_folding.htm 54 * Collect Folding Coronas, by Paul Lippman See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC004.pdf?page=4 55 * Smith-Corona Parts and Service Manuals (1947-1999) lent by Bill Wahl 56 * Europe - Oliver - SIM - MAS small typewriters, by Georg Sommeregger. See: http://www.typewriters.ch/collection/OLIVER_SIM_MAS.html 57 * The Montana line of Hermes clones, by Mark Adams. See: http://type-writer.org/?p=3598 58 * The Hermes Baby page!, by Georg Sommeregger. See: http://www.typewriters.ch/collection/hermes_baby.html 59 * American Digest of Business Machines, 1924. Contributed by Richard Polt. See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/ADBM1924.pdf 60 * "MTE-INV" Mesa Typewriter Exchange Stock Inventory Records 1950 to 1987. Contributed by Bill Wahl. 61 * "Mechanical Typewriters - Their History, Value, and Legacy" by Thomas A. Russo. 62 * "The IBM Model B typewriter" by IBM. See: https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_intro.html 63 * "Remington Portables" by Richard Polt. See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/rem-portables.htm 64 * "Moskva and Janalif Research" by Alex Sandler. (plus updates) See: https://goo.gl/I5X12b, https://goo.gl/z0tSOq, https://goo.gl/4iq9Tz http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html, http://odtype.blogspot.com/2017/02/moskva-5-6-and-7-age-lists.html 65 * "Collector's Guide to Antique Typewriters" Dan Post, Post-Era Books, 1981. 66 * "The Unknown Writing Machine" Don Sutherland in The Antique Trader, 1978. 67 * "Don't Mind My Insanity: Updated Fox Serial Numbers" by Tyler Anderson. See: https://wordsarewinged.blogspot.com/2016/06/dont-mind-my-insanity-updated-fox.html 68 * "A Very Good Year for Adler Favorit 2's" by Robert Godlieb. See: http://badonoer.blogspot.com/2016/01/a-very-good-year-for-adler-favorit-2s.html 69 * "FBI Forgery by Typewriter: Re-Examining the Alger Hiss Case - How Did His 1927 Woodstock Become a 1929 Model?" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/fbi-forgery-by-typewriter-re-examining.html 70 * "The Littlest Typewriters: Bennett's Bantamweights" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/littlest-typewriters-bennetts.html 71 * "Re: [TYPEWRITERS] Bennett Typewriter on Yahoo Typewriter Forum" by Thomas Furtig. 72 * "Sabb Schreibmaschine" by Georg Sommeregger. See: http://www.typewriters.ch/blog/2016/06/sabb-schreibmaschine/ 73 * "Discovering the Studio Musicwriter" by Theodore Munk. See: Etcetera #109 (link when available) 74 * "The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923" Herkimer County Historical Society, 1923. 75 * "The Early History of the Typewriter" by Chas. E Weller (1918). 76 * "Old Typewriters" by Duncan James (Shire, 1993). 77 * "Williams Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson, 2016. 78 * "The History of the Typewriter" by Geo. Charles Mares (Gilbert Pitman, London, 1909). 79 * "Emerson Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson & Peter Weil, 2016. 80 * "The Emerson: The Enigma of Typewriters" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-emerson-enigma-of-typewriters.html 81 * "A History of the Three-Row 'WILLIAMS' Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in Historische Bürowelt No. 21 April 1988, and No. 22 July 1988. 82 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 50-52 1922" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 83 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 6-7 1907" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 84 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 38-40 1918" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 85 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 41 1919" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 86 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 29-32 1915" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 87 * "The Victor Standard Typewriter" by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-victor-standard-typewriter.html 88 * "On This Day in Typewriter History: Trying to Unravel the Victor Mystery" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_6.html 89 * "The Franklin Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in ETCetera #1 October, 1987. See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC001.pdf 90 * "On This Day in Typewriter History (CVI)" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/09/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history-cvi.html 91 * "the Garbell Portable Typewriter" by The Garbell family. See: http://www.garbell.com/GarbellTypewriter.html 92 * "Garbell Typewriter" by Greg Fudacz. See: http://www.antikeychop.com/#!garbell-typewriter/us0eg 93 * "Fox Visible Typewriters - An Overview " by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-visible-typewriters-overview.html 94 * "Fox Portable Typewriters and the Demise of Fox Typewriter Company " by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-portable-typewriters-and-demise-of.html 95 * "The American Stationer" 1906. 96 * "The American Stationer" 1907. 97 * "Franklin Typewriter Ephemera" collected by Peter Weil, 2016. 98 * "A Bennington Letter" collected by Martin Howard. See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC082.pdf 99 * "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 6, 1921. 100 * "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 7-8, 1922. 101 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 35-37 1917" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 102 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 44-46 1920" by The International Office Equipment Magazine. 103 * "On This Day in Typewriter History: Unearthing the Molle" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/01/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_9569.html 104 * "It's pronounced 'Mollie'" by Mark Adams. See: http://type-writer.org/?p=4230 105 * "The Iron Age, Volume 79 - 1907". 106 * "Office Appliances Volume 36 - July 1922". 107 * "Office Appliances Volume 34 - July 1921". 108 * "The American Pocket Typewriter and Wellington Parker Kidder's Rochester" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-american-pocket-typewriter-and.html 109 * "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Details - The early days of the Noiseless Typewriter" by Ed Neuert. See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC081.pdf 110 * "The Merritt" by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2016/09/merritt.html 111 * "Yatran The Heaviest" by Alex Sandler. See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/09/yatran-heaviest.html 112 * "Moskva 3 and 4 age lists as of 10-2016" by Alex Sandler. See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html 113 * "Portable Typewriters Today - February 2015" by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/02/portable-typewriters-today-february-2015.html 114 * "The Early Bar-Lock" and "Bar-Lock Typewriters - Models 4 to 15" by Bert Kerschbaumer. See: ETCetera #98 & #114 115 * "AMES Supply General Catalog #10 - March, 1960". 116 * "AMES Supply Parts Catalog #11P - Feb., 1965". 117 * "The Amazing Masspro Portable Typewriter: 'Grandson' of the Standard Folding" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-amazing-maspro-portable-typewriter.html 118 * "Masspro Typewriter Page" by Greg Fudacz. See: http://www.antikeychop.com/masspro-typewriter 119 * "Carl P. Dietz Collection of Typewriters", by George Herrl, 1965. 120 * "Royal Paint Touch-Up Color List", Rev. June, 1968. 121 * "Olympia SM series (part 1, 1948-1964)" by Nick T. See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/02/olympia-sm-series-part-1-1948-1964.html 122 * "Olympia SM series (part 2, 1964-1980s)" by Nick T. See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/04/olympia-sm-series-part-2-1964-1980s.html 123 * "AMES Supply General Catalog #5 - August, 1940". 124 * "1975 Smith-Corona Model Prefix Guide", Discovered by Jonathan Kinser from Smith-Corona research. 125 * "Evolution of the Typewriter", C. V. Oden, 1917. 126 * "1912-1923 The Origins and Evolution of the Typewriter" Various Authors. 127 * "The Swedish Densmore Typewriter" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-swedish-densmore-typewriter.html 128 * "All or Nakajima" by Steve K. See: https://writelephant.com/2017/06/17/all-or-nakajima 129 * Smith-Corona Series Estimates researched by Nick Bodemer, 2017 130 * Research by Peter Weil, and ephemera from The Cornelia and Peter Weil Typewriter Archives 131 * 1963 Hermes Baby Adjustment Manual B3, from the collection of T. Munk 132 * Underwood Age List, from the collection of Tony Casillo See: http://www.typewritercollector.com/images/underwoodagelist.pdf 133 * 1966 & 1971 Hermes 3000 Adjustment Manuals G4,G6 & 1971, from the collection of Jacques Perrier, Museum of the Typewriter, Lausanne, Switzerland See: https://www.perrier-sa.ch/musee/boutique/ 134 * "Korean Typewriters" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/01/korean-typewriters.html 135 * 1985 IBM Replacement Guide Form 71K6222, supplied by Clark Hinson from the collection of Roger Brockevelt 136 * "Blickensderfer’s last hurrah as a Remington" by Mark Adams. See: https://type-writer.org/?p=4294 137 * Blickensderfer Research by Peter Weil, 2017 138 * Etcetera #106-107 139 * "Briefly Blick-Bar" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/briefly-blick-bar.html 140 "Lexikon historischer Schreibmaschinen seit 1940" (Typewriter Lexikon since 1940) published 2008 by Leonhard Dingwerth. 141 * "Olivetti macchine per scrivere meccaniche" published 2013 by Carlo Torchio. From the collection of Carl Hartmann via Mario Bellini 142 * "The ABC in Detail" by Will Davis and Thomas Fürtig. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/search?q=abc+in+detail 143 * "The Real Story of the Brosette Typewriter and its successor the Jaykay Portable" by Michael A. Brown. See: http://typexnews.com/links/Brosette.pdf 144 * "A Royal Safari at Eighteen Years on the Net" by Will Davis. See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-royal-safari-at-eighteen-years-on-net.html 145 "The typewriter industry, The impact of a significant technological innovation" 1970 doctoral dissertation by George Nichols Engler, UCLA. See: https://archive.org/details/TheTypewriterIndustry 146 * Research by Ian Brumfield

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