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Serial Number Table Last Edited: 07/31/24 09:46
NOTE: dates shown are JAN 1 unless noted, so the serial number shown is the *first* serial number produced the given year. Exceptions are serial numbers preceded by "up to"(where you can assume that the numbers reported in that subsection are DECEMBER 31, END OF YEAR NUMBERS) or rows where a month is given in the month column. If the serial number is shown as a range (xxxx-xxxx) it indicates that we know the entire range of serial numbers for the given year.

Royal Typewriter Co. Inc., New York, U.S.A. Company Founded 1904.
April 1954 to March 1965: Royal McBee.
March 1965 to April 1986: Royal Typewriter (Litton Industries).
October 1966: Royal Typewriter (Litton) acquires Imperial.
January 1969: Royal Typewriter (Litton) acquires Triumph/Adler.
February 1979: Volkswagen acquires Royal Typewriter.
April 1986: Olivetti acquires Litton Industries from Volkswagen.
Sept 2004-Current: Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc., 50 Hilton Street, Easton, PA 18042. Royal Website. 		18,154
Platen Diameter Standards & Electrics 1.485" (37.72mm) except Model Superia: 1.751" (44.5mm)
Portables:
Models O,OT,P,RA,AG,A,B,C,CG,RF,F,RC,E,ES,J,JC,BJ,CD,U,D,UR,UB: 1.272" (32.31mm)
Models Royalite & Dart: 1.259" (32mm)
Models Royaluxe 300,325,350,400,425,450, Diana: 1.271" (32.3mm) 		24
           
Models and s/n Y M D Remarks Ref.

Standard Manual

   Electrics (introduced 1950) serial numbers first run up to 16000, then in late 1951, begin running concurrent with Standard Manuals.
Serial Number Location: On top plate, right side rear, under carriage. 		18,31
Regal Rebuilt     Note: Regal Rebuilt Royals carry a "Y" prefix, with "SY" segment shift, and "CSY" Chrome segment shift. Serial number is restarted at 100,000 each year, and completely replaces the older serial. A "close to" original manufacture serial number (and thus, the approximate original manufacture date) can be found on the left side of the frame, painted over.
Example: Y35-107833 is a Carriage Shift model, the 7833rd machine rebuilt by Regal in 1935.		 18
Royal Grand Royal offered to dealers the "Royal Grand", very similar in appearance (but not mechanically) to the later #10 model. The "Grand" had covered ribbon spools and was priced at $100. While there is evidence that the "Grand" was offered between 1906-07, for reasons currently unknown it was pulled from the market. Not many, if any, were sold to the public and fewer than 6 are known in collections today. Known serial numbers: #169, #206. 18,78
1 1906 Model No. 1 "Standard" started, priced at $65. Nos. 2, 3 and 4 were larger carriage versions of No. 1
 18
1000 1907   18
4000 1908   18
14000 1909   18
35000 1910 Model No. 5 started, Nos. 6, 7, 8 were larger carriage versions of No. 5 17,18
58000 1911   17
85000 1912   17
142000 1913 Model No. 10 started in late 1913 - series run: 173000 to 1663999. First variation (173000 to 212000) had two open rectangular holes in the side, surrounded by pinstriping. 17,123
175000 1914 Second variation: Double glass panels began at 212000 and ran until 745308. 17,18,123
205000 1915   17
234000 1916   17
279000 1917 Variable Line Spacer began at 282000 17,18
336000 1918   17
394000 1919   17
478000 1920   17
567000 1921 "QX" Prefix, first serial: 600000 17,18
641000 1922   17
678000 1923 Third variation: Single glass panel replaced double glass panels at serial 745309 and continues to 1663999. 17,123
760000 1924   17
848000 1925   17
940000 1926   17
1036000 1927   17
1134000 1928   17
1236000 1929   17
1348000 1930       17
1435000 1931     First segment shift at 1466500 17,18
1525000 1932     "S" Model is prior to "H" model 17,18
1554000 1933       17
1617000 1934     "H" and "KH" in 1664000 to 1850000 ("K" means Keyset) 17,18
1723000 1935 "KHM" series ran 1850000 to 2249999. Initals mean: K - Key Set, HM - H Model, DT - Keyset, KDTHM - H Model 5 key Keyset. 17,18,115
1847000 1936   17
2005000 1937   17
2178000 1938 "KHT" fall of 1938, ran series 2250000 to 2273522, "KMM" Magic Margin ran series 2273522 to 3849999. (REMINGTON Examined #2250058 in Oct '38)
Royal trademark for "Magic" on Aug 25, 1938 - Granted Dec. 20, 1938 (#71409901). 		17,18,115, 155
2320000 1939   17
2494000 1940 Sometime around #2550000 some changes were made to the KMM keytops, where the shift, tabulator and backspace keys were changed from round to rectangular. 17
2681000 1941   17
2901000 1942   17
3026000 1943     Production Halted: World War II 17
3026000 1944     Production Halted: World War II 17
3037000 1945       17
3094000 1946       17
3273000 1947       17
3550000 1948       17
3865000 1949 Model "KMG" Announced 2/10/49, ran series 3850000 to 4814999, first grey model.
KMG Model Paint Color: Gray Frieze. 		17,18,115, 120
4100000 1950 Royal "RP" (Grey Magic Electric) introduced Feb 1950. Serial numbers of first Model "RP" Electrics ran in a special series 1000 to 16000 and then were sequenced to match regular Royal Standards in late 1951. The first RP model featured grey paint, KMG style badge and several "Electric" decals. They were changed to resemble the HH style before April of 1951. 17,18,115, 146
4360000 1951   17
4688000 1952 "HH" Model, standard 43-key keyboard ran series 4815000 to (?). Announced around 8/1/52. (HHP is Pica, HHE is Elite, HHS is 'other' - HHD models have decimal tabulator and 4th prefix indicates typeface.)
HH Model Paint Colors: Charcoal Grey smooth, Nile Green smooth, Horizon Blue smooth, Coral Rose, Gray Frieze, Royaltone Dark Gray wrinkle, Royaltone Light Gray wrinkle. 		17,18,115, 116,120
4990000 1953   17
5248000 1954 Model "RE" Electric runs series 5375000 to (?), introduced September 27, 1954.
RE Model Paint Colors: Royaltone or Pearl Dark Gray smooth, Royaltone or Pearl Light Gray smooth, Charcoal Gray smooth, Gray Frieze (same as RP), Royaltone Dark Gray wrinkle, Royaltone Light Gray wrinkle, Willow Green smooth, Nile Green Smooth, Royal Light Green smooth, Royal Dark Green smooth, Horizon Blue smooth, Sea Blue smooth, Royal Light Blue smooth, Royal Dark Blue smooth, Cameo Pink smooth (Petal Pink), Royal Light Coral smooth, Royal Dark Coral smooth, Royal Light Beige wrinkle, Royal Dark Beige wrinkle, Royal Light Beige smooth, Royal Dark Beige smooth, Brushed Aluminum, Sandstone smooth, Coral Rose. 		17,115,120, 146
5500000 1955   17
5787000 1956   17
6037000 1957 Model "FP" begins #6195809. (FPP is Pica, FPE is Elite, FPS is 'special order')
FP Model Paint Colors: Royaltone or Pearl Dark Gray smooth, Royaltone or Pearl Light Gray smooth, Willow Green smooth, Sea Blue smooth, Cameo Pink smooth (Petal Pink), Brushed Aluminum, Sandstone smooth, Coral Rose. 		17,28,120
6393000 1958   17
6650000 1959 Model "HE" Electric begins #6859000
HE Model Paint Colors: Royaltone or Pearl Light Gray smooth, Cameo Pink smooth (Petal Pink), Oyster White, Mist Green, Sapphire Blue, Electro Black, Princess Beige (special order).
Royal Precision Corp. "RPC-4480" (intended for I/O computer system use) introduced Nov 5, 1959, based on "HE" Electric. 		17,116,120, 146
6950000 1960   17
7100000 1961 Electric Model "HER" begins #7113300. 17
7300000 1962 Model "101" begins #7471771
Model "MC" Empress begins #7325000. (MCP is Pica, MCE is Elite, MCS is 'other')
MC Model Paint Colors: Oyster White, Princess Beige (special order), Fawn Gray, Aztec Blue, Moss Light Green.
Carriage lengths for "MC": 11", 13", 16", 21" and 27"
Electress "GA" Model Introduced. This is a simplified Electric Standard machine with a rubber power roller instead of a metal fluted shaft to power typebar action. Carriage lengths for "GA": 13" and 16"
 17,28,116, 120,146
7500000 1963 Electric Model "HE" (last serial #7669999) becomes "EB" Model Emperor (first serial #7670000) and "EBD" Emperor with 10-key Decimal tabulator, introduced May 8, 1963
Available carriage lengths for "EB" and "EBD": 13", 16" and 21".
 17,146
7775000 1964 "GAR" Model (I/O capable?) introduced. 20,146
8060000 1965 Royal McBee and Litton merger effective March 1, 1965.
Electress "GAK" Carbon Ribbon only model introduced June, 1965. 		20,146
8290000 1966 Model 440 begins #8390000 441 (Carbon Ribbon), 442 (10-Key Decimal Tab). 440 Model Paint Colors: Aztec Blue, Oyster White, Fawn Gray, Moss-lite Green, Desert Beige.
Model 660 Electric begins. 660 Model Paint Colors: Tahitian Beige (standard), Black Frieze, Arctic White, Tropic Blue, and Persian Green. (Royal Line Catalog, 1966)
 20,28,156
8590000 1967   20
8870000 1968 Model 660 electric (fabric/carbon ribbon) Model 661 (fabric only) 662 (carbon only). 13", 16", 18", 21" and 27" Carriages available, with 88 and 92 character keyboards. Available in 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 16 pitch typefaces.
550 Model Paint Colors: Tahitian Beige. 13" and 16" Carriages available. Type Styles: Pica, Elite, Herald Elite & Oxford.
553 Model 13" Carriage Coin Operated model 550.
665 OCP Royal Electric Optical Character Printer. Carbon ribbon version of 660 equipped with USASI computer-readable typeface. 		20,156
9192000 1969   20
9432000 1970 Royal 470 introduced. 11", 13", 16", 21" and 27" Carriages available, with 86, 88 and 92 character keyboards. Available in 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 16 pitch typefaces. Color: Autumn Haze with Royal Bronze trim.
Royal 970 Electric introduced. 		20
9694000 1971   20,146
10878000 1972 All Royal Desktop model production and tooling moved overseas July 25, 1972 to Imperial factory in England. 20,146
11311000 1973   20
11796000 1974   20
12367000 1975 Royal 470 ended as Imperial factory shuttered in 1975. The 470 is the last iteration of the venerable Royal Manual Standard design.
Royal 700 manual standard is introduced, but it is just a relabeled Adler Universal 200/400. All production moves to Germany. 		20
           
Superia Standard       made by Orga A.G., Nuernberg, Germany, owned by Royal  
300000-303999 1950   13
304000-311999 1951   13
312000-313999 1952 Production ended 1953 13
           

Electric

   Royal Electric introduced Jan 1950. Serial numbers of first electrics ran in a special series up to 16000 and then were sequenced to match regular Royal Standards in late 1951.
Royal labeled other manufacturers electric portables as Royals, beginning with the Diana Electric in the 1950s and continuing into the 1970s with Silver Seiko portable electrics from Japan. (see below) 		18
           

Portables

      
Royal Portable, Models: P, OT, O (no model name)
A, AG [1950-52], RA[1953-55 "Speed Control"], AB [1955-57 blue], AC [1955-57 charcoal], AR [1955-57 red], AG [1955-57 green], AD [1957 grey/blue], AE [1957 tan], AY [1955-57 yellow], AP [1955-57 pink], AW [1957-58 white] (Quiet DeLuxe)
B [1938-1941], RB [1956-1958], A1(?) [1965-1968] (Speed King, Aristocrat)
C, CG (Arrow)
CD, RF, F (Companion, Commander)
RC (Keystone)
2A (Futura 800)
2C (Futura 400)
SA (Safari)
CR (Caravan)
CU (Custom)
RX (Royaluxe)
SB (Sabre)
1 1926 'P' Model introduced. 17
6000 1927 Change made to feet at #31593, round rubber feet. 17,123
56500 1928   17
114500 1929   17
183800 1930 Shell change to add gull-wing ribbon covers at #188300, also feet changed to square rubber with metal insert frames. 17,123
260000 1931   17
308600 1932 'O' Model introduced. 17
324900 1933   17
354231 1934 Proto-De Luxe "A" Model with tabulator introduced. 17
409082 1935 Shell redesign for 'O' and 'A' Models.
De Luxe 'A' Model introduced starting with serial number 471,000 (Trademark "Touch Control" first use April 2, 1935) and featuring nickel-chromium plating and a longer line space lever.
'P' Model becomes Royal Junior.

The Model "A" = touch control, finger comfort keys, automatic paper lock, tabulator, paper guide, complete enclosure as dust protection, types a 9 inch line, comes in 9 or 10 or 12 pitch, all brightwork is chrome plated, and could be bought in black, maroon, or green (glossy paint). Case has chrome-plated dual locks and a weatherproof band around the joint. The "A" sold for $60.
The model "O" is similar but different in important ways = nickel plated bright work, no automatic paper lock, no tabulator, no paper guide, and only sold in shiny black enamel. The case has only one instead of two locks, and the one is nickel plated, not chrome plated. It sold for $49.50.
In addition, The Royal Junior also was offered in 1935. The Junior is basically a reskinned Model P. It was only sold in black enamel and only came with an intermediate Pica type. It sold for a classic Depression price of $33.50.
None of these 1935 portables had a brightwork plated band around the typebar cover, something that adds to the confusion over the differences between the 1935 A and the O.
 - Peter Weil, re: 1935 Royal Dealer Catalog

 17,7,155
493068 1936   17
602939 1937   17
724093 1938 Quiet 'A' Model begins, 'B' Model Speed King begins. 'O' and Junior Model discontinued. 17
807493 1939 De Luxe and Quiet 'A' Models become the Quiet De Luxe. 'B' Model Speed King becomes Aristocrat (Royal Trademark "Aristocrat" #71446179 first use July, 1939). 'C' Model Arrow Begins.
Royal trademark "Quiet De Luxe" #72141114, first use July 1939. 		17,155
926862 1940 'CD' Model Companion begins. 17
995728 1941 Dec 7, 1941: US enters WWII, 'A', 'B' and 'CD' Models drastically scaled back on March 15th, 1942. 17
1107503 1942 In 1942 Royal produces mainly US Navy Radio Mill Arrow 'C' Models. Approx 56,000 portables made, likely mostly for military use, 1942 to 1943 17
1152000 1943   17,22
production halted 1944 All portable production halts. 17
production halted 1945 Production of civilian-market 'A' and 'C' Model portables re-starts mid/late 1945. 17
1164182 1946   17
1275456 1947   17
1473968 1948 Shell re-designed by Henry Dreyfuss, Squared shell, Grey and Black with oval crome inserts for front levers. Keytops change from round glass to 'tombstone' glass with chromed rims. 17
1741468 1949 Shell color reconfigured in the beginning months of 1949, shell now all-grey. Gold-plated Anniversary 'A' Models produced. 17
1940834 1950 Shell re-designed again near the end of 1950. Ribbon cover hole enlarged, chrome lever inserts now have "wings", Plastic keys begin, except on special-order and some foreign keyboards. 'C' Model Arrow Discontinued, Companion re-designed and re-launched as 'F' Model. 17
2137681 1951   17
2353369 1952 'F' Model Companion halted. 17
2563970 1953 "RA" serial prefix Quiet De Luxe introduces "Speed Control" motor tension control, similar to "Carriage Control" on Standard Model HH. This feature vanishes with the end of the RA prefix QDLs in 1956. 17
2787735 1954 Royal merged into the new Royal-McBee Corporation in 1954. 17,144
2977900 1955 Non-crinkle brightly-colored paint scemes begin. Prefixes: AB [1955-57 blue], AC [1955-57 charcoal], AR [1955-57 red], AG [1955-57 green], AP [1955-57 pink], AY [1955-57 yellow].
Royal trademark for "Touch Control" on Feb 14, 1955, Granted Sept. 11, 1956 (#71681641). 		17,155
3177500 1956 'B' Model Aristocrat redesigned and re-launched. 'RS' Model Companion re-designed and re-launched.
"RA" prefix Quiet De Luxe ends and "Speed Control" is dropped as a feature. "T" prefix teal colored models appear in 1956. Unknown if they have special features other than a new red-background for the ribbon cover logo, a look which is continued until the end of the QDL in 1958. 		17
3449287 1957 A new two-tone wrinkle paint scheme is added to the lineup along with a tan wrinkle and towards the end of 1957, the "AW" white that becomes the only model to make the cut in 1958. The "T" prefix of 1956 becomes the "AT" teal of 1957. Prefixes: AD [1957 grey/blue crinkle], AE [1957 tan crinkle], AT [1957 teal], AW [1957-58 white]. 17
3770781 1958 Quiet De Luxe 'A' Model becomes Futura 800 '2A' Model, Arrow 'C' Model becomes Futura 400 '2C' Model, although all are produced concurrently during 1958. 'B' Model Aristocrat becomes 'SK' Model Speed King, 'RS' Model Companion halted.
For the 'A' Model Quiet De Luxe, its final year of production was in a single prefix, introduced late in 1957. Prefix: AW [1958 white]. 		17
4053056 1959 "Quiet De Luxe" Discontinued.
Royal trademark for "Heritage" #72071750. First use Feb 9, 1959. Heritage is sold by Montgomery Ward. 		17,155
4200000 1960 Approximation.
Royal trademark "Tab-O-Matic" #72097247, first use May 2, 1960.
Royal trademark "Century" #72102510, first use July 25, 1960. 		60,155
4500000 1961 Approximation. 60
4800000 1962 Approximation.
Royal trademark "Safari" #72138264, first use Jan 3, 1962.
Royal trademark "Caravan" #72143673, first use April 11, 1962.
Royal trademark "Parade" #72143674, first use April 11, 1962.
Royal trademark "Custom" #72143675, first use April 10, 1962.
Royal trademark "Citadel" #72151256, first use Aug 21, 1962.
Royal trademark "Cruiser" #72152157, first use Aug 21, 1962.
Royal trademark "Traveller" #72152158, first use Aug 22, 1962.
Royal trademark "Lark" #72153895, first use Sept 14, 1962. 		60,155
5200000 1963 Approximation. Futura 800 '2A' model becomes Safari 'SA' Model at #5,584,967. Caravan 'CR' Model introduced.
Royal trademark "Telstar" #72173780, first use July 8, 1963.
Royal trademark "Astronaut" #72174534, first use July 31, 1963.
Royal trademark "Sahara" #72174535, first use July 29, 1963.
Royal trademark "Jet" #72179359, first use Oct 3, 1963. 		60,28,155
5584967 1964     Royal trademark "Marksman" #72185533, first use Jan 8, 1964.
Royal trademark "Ensign" #72185534, first use Jan 8, 1964.
Royal trademark "Jubilee" #72187211, first use Feb 11, 1964.
Royal trademark "Windsor" #72187212, first use Feb 14, 1964.
Royal trademark "Crescent" #72187689, first use Feb 10, 1964.
Royal trademark "Pennant" #72187801, first use Feb 7, 1964.
Royal trademark "Herald" #72188033, first use Feb 4, 1964.
Royal trademark "Mustang" #72197987, first use June 16, 1964.
Royal trademark "Educator" #72206652, first use Nov 3, 1964.
Aristocrat re-launched with 'A1' Prefix. Custom 'CU' Model began. Caravan 'CR' Model discontinued(?). 		6,155
5958589 1965     Royal-McBee Corporation bought and merged into Litton Industries on March 1, 1965.
Royal trademark "Fiesta" #72212701, first use Feb 4, 1965.
Royal trademark "Mercury" #72215010, first use Feb 5, 1965. 		6,144,155
6474796 1966 Litton purchases Imperial Typewriter Co. in England.
Royal trademark "Apollo" #72256972, first use Sept 19, 1966.
Royal trademark "Jupiter" #72272952, first use Sep 15, 1966.
Electric Portable model "Ultronic" introduced 1966 and ends 1968 - it is assumed that these "UE" and "FR-UE" prefix serials follow the portables series rather than the Royal Standards/Electric series or the Halberg series (this model has some relation mechanically to the Halberg). Reason? Because it's the only series that fits given that date range and known examples. 		6,144,155
6910000 1967     Approximation. 60
7260000 1968 Approximation. Safari 'SA' Model becomes Sabre 'SB' model (made in Portugal). Aristocrat discontinued.
Litton purchases Triumph-Adler in 1968. 		60,144
7590000 1969 Approximation.
Royal closes its Springfield portable typewriter plant. 		144
7870000 1970 Approximation.  
8110000 1971     Approximation.
Royal trademark "Award Series" #73021018, first use March, 1971. 		155
8350000 1972     Approximation.  
8570000 1973 Approximation.
Model Custom III prefix 'CB' introduced. 		 
8970000 1974 Approximation.
Imperial plant closed down. 		144
9030000 1975 Approximation.
SB9064581 sold Sept., 1975. 		 
9070000 1976 Approximation.  
9110000 1977     Approximation.
SB9126804 sold June, 1977. 		 
9160000 1978     Approximation.  
9190000 1979     Approximation.
Royal Sabre is offered by distributors, and first mention is made of new "low-end" Safari model coming in 1980 - this is the "Messa" ABC-pattern Safari in plastic shell.
Volkswagen purchases TA/Royal from Litton. 		144
9220000 1980     Approximation.
Sabre and Custom III offered by distributors along with new ABC-pattern Safari. 		 
9245000 1981     Approximation.
Sabre is dropped from distributor list, and Custom IV introduced. ABC-pattern Safari continues. 		 
9265000 1982     Approximation.  
9280000 1983     Approximation.  
9300000 1984     Approximation.
Custom IV dropped from distributor list, leaving only ABC-pattern Safari.
This appears to be the end of the line for the series. 		60
-- 1985     ABC-Pattern Safari dropped from distributor list, replaced by "Royal Safari II", a rebranding of a Nakajima design manufactured in Japan. The "Safari III" was produced by Dong-Ah Precision in Korea on the Silver-Seiko 600 tooling.
Olivetti purchases TA/Royal by 1986. 		134,144
           
Royal Portable, Models: E (Signet) - ES (Signet Junior) - J, JC, BJ (Junior) - CD (Companion) - U (Mercury) - D, UR, UB (Varsity)
1000 1932 "E" Model Signet begins. 17
21500 1933   17
24369 1934 "J" Model Junior Begins. 17
33652 1935 Shell redesign model Junior. 17
45013 1936   17
52139 1937   17
66284 1938   17
85734 1939 "U" Model Mercury, "CD" Model Companion and "UB" Model Varsity begin. New shell design. 17
112573 1940   17
162970 1941   17
232332 1942 Production ends on March 15th, 1942, as the US enters WWII. 17
           
Royal (Diana): Diana Portable and Portable Electric, Administrator, Century, Royaluxe 300 and 325
Manufactured by Orga A.G., Nuernberg, Germany, owned by Royal
Platen Diameter: Models Diana, Administrator, Century, Royaluxe 300,325,350,400,425,450: 1.271" (32.3mm)
10000-13364 1952 Diana begins. 13
13365-22019 1953   6
22020-32143 1954   6
32144-37140 1955   6
37141-43335 1956   6
43336-64700 1957 Administrator begins. 6
64701-81474 1958 Tooling is transferred to Halberg factory in Cuyk, Holland and machines are assembled there shortly after serial #65000. 6
81475-104310 1959   6
104311-111500 1959   6
111501-128000 1960 Series ends around serial #128,000. The Diana design continues in the form of the Century, but the serial numbers are synced to the rest of Halberg production. See below for dating these. 24
           
Royal (Halberg): Royalite, Eldorado, Dart, Signet, Companion, Jupiter, Scholastic, Citadel, Keystone, Royalite '64, T-4, Lark, Traveler, Eldorado Deluxe, Cruiser, Parade, Signature 400, Ensign, Royalite '65, Astronaut, Pennant, "590", Crescent, Mustang, Royalite 200, Skylark, Royaluxe 1000.
Made for Royal by Halberg Machinefabriek N. V., Cuyk, Holland. Based on Halberg Traveller design.
Platen Diameter: Models Royalite & Dart: 1.259" (32mm)
50000 and up - 3000001-3160000 1955 Serial numbering for Halberg Royal models starts at 50k using up Halberg serialed frames, then series jump to 3 million to follow normal Royal portable series.
Models with non-removable bottom plates:
Royalite (dark & light gray) starts #RL50000
Eldorado (black & gold bronze) starts #E50000
 24,168,169
3160001-3385300 1956   24
3385301-3730500 1957 After Serial #3421600, new designs are introduced. 24,169
3730501-3952180 1958 Models with raised top covers and non-removable bottom plates:
Dart (black wrinkle) starts #D3775001
Models with raised top covers and removable bottom plates:
Parade
 24,169
3952181-4280765 1959   24
4280766-4544659 1960 Deluxe models with removable bottom plates:
Signet [with bichrome] (light gray, blue, green) starts #B4536636
 24,169
4544660-4927715 1961 Deluxe models with removable bottom plates:
Forward 1 [with bichrome] (light gray wrinkle, blue wrinkle, beige wrinkle) starts #F4720270
 6,24,169
4927716-5292116 1962 Models with non-removable bottom plates:
Companion (metallic gray) starts #C5147742
Models with raised top covers and non-removable bottom plates:
Signet
Royalite 120
Scholastic (solid blue) starts #T2-5094590
Citadel (pottery blue) starts #CT5236667
Deluxe models with removable bottom plates:
Cruiser [with bichrome, no tab] (pottery blue) starts #CS5228097
 6,169
5292117-5743811 1963     Models with non-removable bottom plates:
Jupiter (SCM blue) starts #G5365629
Models with raised top covers and non-removable bottom plates:
Keystone (light gray wrinkle) starts #KT5760732
Models with removable bottom plates:
Royalite '64 [with bichrome] (sand, sunbeam) starts #4L5415953
Models with raised top covers and removable bottom plates:
Royalite
T-4 [with bichrome] (solid blue) starts #T4-5560975
Lark [with bichrome] (beige) starts #L5530213
Traveler [with bichrome] (blue) starts #5731705
Deluxe models with removable bottom plates:
Eldorado Deluxe [with bichrome] (silver) starts #ED5616858
Parade [with bichrome and Tab] (safary gray, safary blue, safary red) starts #PR5661603
Signature 400 [with bichrome and Tab] (gray wrinkle, blue wrinkle) starts #5615805
 6,169
5743812-6098916 1964     Models with removable bottom plates:
Ensign (metallic grey) starts #EN5981345
Models with raised top covers and non-removable bottom plates:
Companion
Deluxe models with removable bottom plates:
Royalite '65 (sand) starts #5L5970527
Astronaut [with bichrome and Tab] (safary blue) starts #AN6068192
Cruiser [with bichrome and Tab] (safary blue) starts #CS5965642
 6,169
6098917-6580453 1965 Models with removable bottom plates:
Pennant (black) starts #P6103321
Companion (light gray) starts #C6141909
Deluxe models with removable bottom plates:
"590" [with bichrome and Tab] (light gray wrinkle) starts #R6122670
Crescent [with bichrome and Tab] (safary gray, safary blue) starts #CE6186461
Mustang [with bichrome and Tab] (safary blue) starts #M6204838
PRL models (tan) starts #6L6535993:
Royalite (USA)
Royalite 200 (international)
PRLP models (white, black) starts #64114312:
Skylark (USA)
Royaluxe 1000 (international)
 6,169
6580454-6800000 1966       6
6800001-7100000 1967     Approximation.
PRL models (tan) starts #6L6535993:
Eldorado Deluxe (USA)
 169
7100001-7400000 1968     Approximation  
7400000-up 1969     Approximation
PRLP models (white, black)
Lark (USA)
In 1969, when Royal McBee purchases Triumph/Adler, the Cuyk factory switches to producing Adler-pattern portables based on the Tippa S. 		168,169
           
Royal (Silver Seiko): Mercury, Mustang, Apollo, Signet, Sprite, Swinger, Fleetwood, Ranger, etc.
  1965-1974 Manufactured by Silver Seiko in Japan for Royal starting in 1965 after merger into Royal-McBee and Imperial in 1966 after merger with Litton.
These serial numbers are datecoded. The first numeral in the serial number is the final number in the year manufactured - example 7 = 1967.
See: Royal (Silver Seiko). 		144
           
Royal (Triumph/Adler) Sahara, Caravan.
  1975-1979 Manufactured by Triumph/Adler in Holland for Royal and Imperial after T/A purchased by Litton in July, 1974. Based on Adler Tippa S portable, and follows same series. 151
below 10110300 1975       30
10110300 1976       30
10181175 1977       30
10430001 1978       30
10679101 1979       30
           
Royal (Messa) Safari, etc.
  1980-1984 Manufactured by Messa in Portugal for Royal and Imperial. Based on ABC portable design. See: Royal (Messa).  
           
Royal Safari II
  1985-1987 Manufactured by Nakajima in Japan for TA/Royal. Based on Nakajima ALL 8000 portable design.
These serial numbers are datecoded, where the first numeral is the final digit of the year manufactured. Example: 6 = 1986.
See: Nakajima ALL. 		 
           
Royal Safari III
  1988-1989 Manufactured by Dong-AH in Korea for TA/Royal. Based on larger Silver-Seiko portable design. See: Dong-AH Precision.  
           
Royal Safari IV
  1989-1990 Manufactured by Typewriters Works Plovdiv in Bulgaria for TA/Royal. Based on Silver-Seiko 700 portable design via Maritsa 30. See: Typewriters Works. 144
           
"Roytype by Royal" ME25 Extra
  2008-ish Manufactured by Ideal (Jinan) Machinery Co. Ltd. in China under Royal branding for Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc. Mechanically based on Brother JP-7 design originally manufactured in Japan. Also sold as Generation 3000, Rover 5000, and Olivetti MS25 Premier. Sold mainly via catalog outlets.  
           
Royal Scrittore
  2011-2013 Manufactured by Shanghai Weilv Mechanism Company in China under Royal branding for Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc. Mechanically based on Brother JP-7 design originally manufactured in Japan. Sold mainly via catalog outlets. 154
           
Royal Scrittore II
  2012-2013 Manufactured by Shanghai Weilv Mechanism Company in China under Royal branding for Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc.. Mechanically based on Silver-Seiko 700 design originally manufactured in Japan. Sold mainly via catalog outlets, and also sold as Olympia Traveller C and Rover Traveller C. These can be dated by reading the first 4 digits of the serial number as 2-digit Month/Year datecode. Example: 0912xxxxxx is September, 2012. 113
           
Royal Epoch
  2013-2017 Manufactured by Shanghai Weilv Mechanism Company in China under Royal branding for Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc.. Based on Olympia Carina (Nakajima ALL 8000) design originally manufactured in Japan. Sold mainly via catalog outlets. These can be dated by reading the first 4 digits of the serial number as 2-digit Month/Year datecode. Example: 0815xxxxxx is August, 2015. 113
  2017-2021 Grey shell color introduced. Confirmed to have still been manufactured in 2021, and may still be produced.  
           
Royal Classic
  2019 Manufactured by Shanghai Weilv Mechanism Company in China under Royal branding for Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc. Mechanics based on Olympia Carina (Nakajima ALL 8000) design originally manufactured in Japan.
Shell design same as We-R-Memory Keepers "Typecast" sold by Michael's stores in 2016-2018, except shell is now metal rather than plastic, and ribbon cover is shaped so that most of the typing line is obscured. Available finishes in Black, Teal, Red and Purple. These can be dated by reading the first 4 digits of the serial number as 2-digit Month/Year datecode. Example: 0119xxxxxx is January, 2019. 		152
           

Reference numbers

* Indicates source data the current list maintainer has access to. Usually it means we have a copy of the document in question, but it might be in the form of a later edition list. However, for the purposes of validation we have been able to confirm the source.

   
No. Literature
1 * Century of the Typewriter, Wilfred A. Beeching, publ. by the British Typewriter Museum, 1974, 1990, ISBN 0951679007
2 * Joan Sales,"Date your Underwood Typewriter" - Website : http://www.oocities.org/heartland/cottage/5405/serial.htm, reference to Richard Polt
(note: The source for this article was at least partially Ref. #18)
3 Allowance Sheet 1918, made available by Andrew B. Schrader
4 Ernst Martin, Die Schreibmaschine und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte(The Typewriter and the history of it's developement), publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag and Basten International, 1920 to 1949 and reprints
5 * Darryl Rehr, Antique typewriters, by Schroeder publishing, Los Angeles, 1997, ISBN 0891457577
see: http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/book/book.html
6 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Bruce Beard, Australia
(note: this reference same as #28)
7 * "Liste der Herstellungsdaten gangbarer Schreibmaschinen" Listing of the production dates of commen typewriters), publ. by Wochenschrift für Papier, Otto Hoffmann Verlag, 1941, Berlin, copies contributed by Mr. Paul Roberts, Netherlands. Current copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
8 * Richard Polt, adapted from the book of Paul Lippman, American Typewriters: A Collector's Encyclopedia (1992) and corrected, based on a list publ. in ETCetera #4
see: http://www.aquaporin4.com/etcetera/ETC.04.pdf
9 "Fabriknummernverzeichnis" (Factory number Listing), booklet which could be purchased optionally with book reference No. 4, edition 1941, publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag, Pappenheim 1941
10 "Fabrikationsdaten von Schreibmaschinen", listing of typewriter serial numbers for dealer's, 1942 and 1935, publ. by Carl Teege Verlag, Hamburg
11 Ames Supply General Catalog from 1949
12 Information contributed by Will Davis, see : http://www.hometown.aol.com/page3.html
13 Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslaendischer Schreibmaschinen, 10 Auflage, 1955, publ. by Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg (small book, pre-owned by the Adler Werke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer, Frankfurt)
14 * Leonhard Dingwerth, Kleines Lexikon Historischer Schreibmaschinen (Small Lexicon of Historical Typewriters), publ. by Kunstgrafik Dingwerth, Eichendorffstr. 77, D-33415 Verl
15 * Office Typewriter Age List No. 26, publ. by Smith-Corona, by courtesy of Mr. Ron Fuller, Los Angeles, USA
(note: this reference same as #22)
16 * American Typewriters - A Collector's Encyclopedia by Paul Lippman, 1992, Hoboken
17 * National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1964, provided by Bill Wahl
18 * Remington Information Binder (The Sheridan Binder), 1950's to 1970's, provided by Richard Polt.
see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/09/07/in-preparation-for-an-updated-typewriter-serial-number-database-royal-portables/
19 * Interview with P. Birchmeier, Aug. 2012, reported by Georg Sommeregger.
see: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/theportabletypewriterforum/message/31895
20 * National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1980, provided by Bill Wahl.
see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/04/22/national-office-machine-dealer-association-1972-typewriter-age-guide/
21 * VOSS Schreibmaschinen, 2012, published by Georg Sommeregger.
see: https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/VOSS.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_52.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_24_typewriter.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_klein_voss.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_privat.html
22 * Smith-Corona Age List #26, 1960, provided by Bill M.
see: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/typewriter-serial-numbers.html
and: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/moretypewriter-serial-numbers.html
23 * Shipman-Ward Office Machine Dealer's Line Book, Jan 1, 1954, provided by Bill Wahl.
see: http://munk.org/typecast/2013/01/05/shipman-ward-dealers-line-book-1954%E2%80%93part-2-age-lists/
24 * H.F.W. Schramm, Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und ausländischer Schreibmaschinen, 11th edition, Hans Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg 1962 - copy provided by Georg Sommeregger. Additional copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
25 * P. Frensel, Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion (einschliesslich der bis 1945 produzierten Schreibmaschinen in diesem Gebiet sowie der Produktion ab 1990), in: Schreibmaschinen- und Bureau-Zeitung, Nr. 10/1999, Nr. 11/2000, Nr. 12/2000 (originally published in: Mannheimer Hefte für Schriftvergleich, Nr. 1-2/1999) - provided by Georg Sommeregger and later by Otto Koponen
"The development of the former GDR typewriter production (including typewriters produced on its territory until 1945 and production after 1990)"
26 * "The Writing Machine (A history of the typewriter)" Michael H. Adler
27 * "Antique Typewriters from Creed to QWERTY" Michael H. Adler
28 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Dec 1973 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Peter Brill, Australia
(note: this reference same as #6)
29 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1971 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK
30 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1980 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK
31 * The Business Machines and Equipment Digest, publ. 1927 by Equipment-Research Corporation, copy contributed by Mark Adams.
see: http://type-writer.org/?p=2850
32 * R. Blickensderfer and P. Robert, "The Five-Pound Secretary. An Illustrated History of the Blickensderfer Typewriter", publ. 2003 by The Virtual Typewriter Museum, excerpt contributed by Georg Sommeregger.
33 * Matricolario Olivetti, copy contributed by Enrico Morozzi.
34 * Olivetti Graphika Serial Number List, compiled by Domenico Scarzello.
See: http://www.typewriterstory.com/index.php/ol-graphica
35 * Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1950. By Carl Teege, Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
36 * Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1953. Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
37 * National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, February 1, 1941. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
38 * Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. Remington Standard typewriter. New York : Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, [188-?], accessed from the Baker Library, Harvard Business School.
See: http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2574435
39 * Documented Hammond Serial Numbers, V.4 Jan. 1, 2013 through V.7 Jul 20, 2017, Compiled by Peter Weil.
40 * Blick Billheads With Serial Numbers, Compiled by Peter Weil.
41 * Olympia, USA "Allowance Sheet T-58" (approx 1977). From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
42 * IBM Typewriters Serial Numbers 1946 to 1977, Montreal Branch - IBM Canada Ltd. Contributed to Yahoo GolfBallTypewriterShop group by Jacques Coulombe.
43 * Xerox Factbook 1987
See: http://simson.net/ref/Xerox/
44 * IBM Selectric Adjustment & Parts Manual S241-5939-2
45 * Brother Service Update #31, June 20, 1985
See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-datecodes-1.jpg
46 * Brother Letter #0203 (10/1979) "How to Determine In-Warranty Typewriters"
See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-warranty-3.jpg
47 * Brother Service Manuals and Addendums 1974-1990 "The Edsel R. Sanders Collection"
See: http://munk.org/typecast/2014/05/06/a-brotherly-bonanza/
48 * National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, 1977. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
49 * Brother Group Corporate Profile, 2014
See: http://download.brother.com/pub/com/en/corporate/pdf/2014/broa4_3334_en.pdf
50 * Victor Standard Typewriters, By Will Davis
See: http://web.archive.org/web/20090830084402/http:/geocities.com/wbd641/Victor.html
51 * Die historische Entwicklung des Bet riebes Optima Erfurt (2008), by Eberhard Lippmann. Contributed by Vilhelm Dromberg
52 * Corona: The Personal Writing Machine, by S. L. Johnson
See: http://www.sljohnson.net/typewriter/corona.html
53 * Standard Folding Typewriter by Richard Milton
See: http://www.portabletypewriters.co.uk/portable_typewriters_standard_folding.htm
54 * Collect Folding Coronas, by Paul Lippman
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC004.pdf?page=4
55 * Smith-Corona Parts and Service Manuals (1947-1999) lent by Bill Wahl
56 * Europe - Oliver - SIM - MAS small typewriters, by Georg Sommeregger.
See: https://sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/OLIVER_SIM_MAS.html
57 * The Montana line of Hermes clones, by Mark Adams.
See: http://type-writer.org/?p=3598
58 * The Hermes Baby page!, by Georg Sommeregger.
See: http://www.typewriters.ch/collection/hermes_baby.html
59 * American Digest of Business Machines, 1924. Contributed by Richard Polt.
See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/ADBM1924.pdf
60 * "MTE-INV" Mesa Typewriter Exchange Stock Inventory Records 1950 to 1987. Contributed by Bill Wahl.
61 * "Mechanical Typewriters - Their History, Value, and Legacy" by Thomas A. Russo.
62 * "The IBM Model B typewriter" by IBM.
See: https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_intro.html
63 * "Remington Portables" by Richard Polt.
See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/rem-portables.htm
64 * "Moskva and Janalif Research" by Alex Sandler. (plus updates)
See: https://goo.gl/I5X12b, https://goo.gl/z0tSOq, https://goo.gl/4iq9Tz http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html, http://odtype.blogspot.com/2017/02/moskva-5-6-and-7-age-lists.html
65 * "Collector's Guide to Antique Typewriters" Dan Post, Post-Era Books, 1981.
66 * "The Unknown Writing Machine" Don Sutherland in The Antique Trader, 1978.
67 * "Don't Mind My Insanity: Updated Fox Serial Numbers" by Tyler Anderson.
See: https://wordsarewinged.blogspot.com/2016/06/dont-mind-my-insanity-updated-fox.html
68 * "A Very Good Year for Adler Favorit 2's" by Robert Godlieb.
See: http://badonoer.blogspot.com/2016/01/a-very-good-year-for-adler-favorit-2s.html
69 * "FBI Forgery by Typewriter: Re-Examining the Alger Hiss Case - How Did His 1927 Woodstock Become a 1929 Model?" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/fbi-forgery-by-typewriter-re-examining.html
70 * "The Littlest Typewriters: Bennett's Bantamweights" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/littlest-typewriters-bennetts.html
71 * "Re: [TYPEWRITERS] Bennett Typewriter on Yahoo Typewriter Forum" by Thomas Furtig.
72 * "Sabb Schreibmaschine" by Georg Sommeregger.
See: http://www.typewriters.ch/blog/2016/06/sabb-schreibmaschine/
73 * "Discovering the Studio Musicwriter" by Theodore Munk.
See: Etcetera #109 (link when available)
74 * "The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923" Herkimer County Historical Society, 1923.
75 * "The Early History of the Typewriter" by Chas. E Weller (1918).
76 * "Old Typewriters" by Duncan James (Shire, 1993).
77 * "Williams Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson, 2016.
78 * "The History of the Typewriter" by Geo. Charles Mares (Gilbert Pitman, London, 1909).
79 * "Emerson Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson & Peter Weil, 2016.
80 * "The Emerson: The Enigma of Typewriters" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-emerson-enigma-of-typewriters.html
81 * "A History of the Three-Row 'WILLIAMS' Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in Historische Bürowelt No. 21 April 1988, and No. 22 July 1988.
82 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 50-52 1922" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
83 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 6-7 1907" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
84 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 38-40 1918" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
85 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 41 1919" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
86 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 29-32 1915" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
87 * "The Victor Standard Typewriter" by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-victor-standard-typewriter.html
88 * "On This Day in Typewriter History: Trying to Unravel the Victor Mystery" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_6.html
89 * "The Franklin Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in ETCetera #1 October, 1987.
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC001.pdf
90 * "On This Day in Typewriter History (CVI)" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/09/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history-cvi.html
91 * "the Garbell Portable Typewriter" by The Garbell family.
See: http://www.garbell.com/GarbellTypewriter.html
92 * "Garbell Typewriter" by Greg Fudacz.
See: http://www.antikeychop.com/#!garbell-typewriter/us0eg
93 * "Fox Visible Typewriters - An Overview " by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-visible-typewriters-overview.html
94 * "Fox Portable Typewriters and the Demise of Fox Typewriter Company " by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-portable-typewriters-and-demise-of.html
95 * "The American Stationer" 1906.
96 * "The American Stationer" 1907.
97 * "Franklin Typewriter Ephemera" collected by Peter Weil, 2016.
98 * "A Bennington Letter" collected by Martin Howard.
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC082.pdf
99 * "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 6, 1921.
100 * "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 7-8, 1922.
101 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 35-37 1917" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
102 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 44-46 1920" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
103 * "On This Day in Typewriter History: Unearthing the Molle" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/01/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_9569.html
104 * "It's pronounced 'Mollie'" by Mark Adams.
See: http://type-writer.org/?p=4230
105 * "The Iron Age, Volume 79 - 1907".
106 * "Office Appliances Volume 36 - July 1922".
107 * "Office Appliances Volume 34 - July 1921".
108 * "The American Pocket Typewriter and Wellington Parker Kidder's Rochester" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-american-pocket-typewriter-and.html
109 * "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Details - The early days of the Noiseless Typewriter" by Ed Neuert.
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC081.pdf
110 * "The Merritt" by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2016/09/merritt.html
111 * "Yatran The Heaviest" by Alex Sandler.
See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/09/yatran-heaviest.html
112 * "Moskva 3 and 4 age lists as of 10-2016" by Alex Sandler.
See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html
113 * "Portable Typewriters Today - February 2015" by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/02/portable-typewriters-today-february-2015.html
114 * "The Early Bar-Lock" and "Bar-Lock Typewriters - Models 4 to 15" by Bert Kerschbaumer.
See: ETCetera #98 & #114
115 * "AMES Supply General Catalog #10 - March, 1960".
116 * "AMES Supply Parts Catalog #11P - Feb., 1965".
117 * "The Amazing Masspro Portable Typewriter: 'Grandson' of the Standard Folding" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-amazing-maspro-portable-typewriter.html
118 * "Masspro Typewriter Page" by Greg Fudacz.
See: http://www.antikeychop.com/masspro-typewriter
119 * "Carl P. Dietz Collection of Typewriters", by George Herrl, 1965.
120 * "Royal Paint Touch-Up Color List", Rev. June, 1968.
121 * "Olympia SM series (part 1, 1948-1964)" by Nick T.
See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/02/olympia-sm-series-part-1-1948-1964.html
122 * "Olympia SM series (part 2, 1964-1980s)" by Nick T.
See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/04/olympia-sm-series-part-2-1964-1980s.html
123 * "AMES Supply General Catalog #5 - August, 1940".
124 * "1975 Smith-Corona Model Prefix Guide", Discovered by Jonathan Kinser from Smith-Corona research.
125 * "Evolution of the Typewriter", C. V. Oden, 1917.
126 * "1912-1923 The Origins and Evolution of the Typewriter" Various Authors.
127 * "The Swedish Densmore Typewriter" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-swedish-densmore-typewriter.html
128 * "All or Nakajima" by Steve K.
See: https://etzone.org/2017/06/17/all-or-nakajima
129 * Smith-Corona Series Estimates researched by Nick Bodemer, 2017
130 * Research by Peter Weil, and ephemera from The Cornelia and Peter Weil Typewriter Archives
131 * 1963 Hermes Baby Adjustment Manual B3, from the collection of T. Munk
132 * Underwood Age List, from the collection of Tony Casillo
See: http://www.typewritercollector.com/images/underwoodagelist.pdf
133 * 1966 & 1971 Hermes 3000 Adjustment Manuals G4,G6 & 1971, from the collection of Jacques Perrier, Museum of the Typewriter, Lausanne, Switzerland
See: https://www.perrier-sa.ch/musee/boutique/
134 * "Korean Typewriters" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/01/korean-typewriters.html
135 * 1985 IBM Replacement Guide Form 71K6222, supplied by Clark Hinson from the collection of Roger Brockevelt
136 * "Blickensderfer’s last hurrah as a Remington" by Mark Adams.
See: https://type-writer.org/?p=4294
137 * Blickensderfer Research by Peter Weil, 2017
138 * Etcetera #106-107
139 * "Briefly Blick-Bar" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/briefly-blick-bar.html
140 "Lexikon historischer Schreibmaschinen seit 1940" (Typewriter Lexikon since 1940) published 2008 by Leonhard Dingwerth.
141 * "Olivetti macchine per scrivere meccaniche" published 2013 by Carlo Torchio.
From the collection of Carl Hartmann via Mario Bellini
142 * "The ABC in Detail" by Will Davis and Thomas Fürtig.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/search?q=abc+in+detail
143 * "The Real Story of the Brosette Typewriter and its successor the Jaykay Portable" by Michael A. Brown.
See: http://typexnews.com/links/Brosette.pdf
144 * "A Royal Safari at Eighteen Years on the Net" by Will Davis.
See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-royal-safari-at-eighteen-years-on-net.html
145 "The typewriter industry, The impact of a significant technological innovation" 1970 doctoral dissertation by George Nichols Engler, UCLA.
See: https://archive.org/details/TheTypewriterIndustry
146 * Research by Ian Brumfield
147 * Typewriter pages from Sears Catalogs: 1900-1985 From the collections of Alan Seaver (mostly), Nick Bodemer and T. Munk.
148 * "Ten Most Wanted Typewriters" by Richard Polt.
See: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-10mw.html
149 * Messa Research by Carl Hartmann.
150 * "The Dawn of the Lettera 22" by John Cooper.
See: https://atypeofmadness.com/2019/02/12/the-dawn-of-the-lettera-22
151 * "Litton Drags its Caravan Through the Typewriter Desert" by Robert Messenger.
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2019/03/litton-drags-its-caravan-through.html
152 * "Typewriter review: 2019 Royal Classic" by Richard Polt.
See: https://writingball.blogspot.com/2019/03/typewriter-review-2019-royal-classic.html
153 * "GENERATION 3000" by Will Davis.
See: http://www.willdavis.org/Generation3000.html
154 * "Everything New in Portable Typewriters is Old Again" by Robert Messenger.
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/12/everything-new-in-portable-typewriters.html
155 * "Pretentious Self-Indulgence, and Also Some Pretty Big Breakthroughs" by Ian Brumfield.
See: http://dailyclipper.retroid.xyz/2019/07/16/pretentious-self-indulgence-and-also-some-pretty-big-breakthroughs
156 "1965-1969 Royal Line Catalog" from the collection of Ian Brumfield.
157 * "Harris Visible, Rex Visible, Demountable; Name variants; Vim Visible" by Will Davis.
See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/01/harris-visible-rex-visible-demountable.html
158 * "1973 NOMDA Blue Book" by National Office Machine Dealers Association.
159 * "Olympia Engineering Bulletin General-3" by ITC, Jan 1, 1969.
160 * "IDENTIFYING AND DATING ANTIQUE CALIGRAPH WRITING MACHINES Nos. 1-4" by Al Sumrall.
See: https://oldhoodooblog.wordpress.com/2020/03/20/identifying-and-dating-antique-caligraph-writing-machines-typewriters-nos-1-4/
161 * "Some Type Writers - Their Origin and Uses" By J. B. Huling in Scientific American #575 - January 8, 1887.
162 * "Typewriter, A Celebration of the Ultimate Writing Machine" by Paul Robert and Peter Weil, 2016.
163 * "The Caligraph Publications" by Paul Robert.
164 * "Magic, Maligners and Malfunctions. Part IV – the Waverley, Maskelyne, Rapid, Salter and Many More." by Robert Messenger.
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2020/07/magic-maligners-and-malfunctions-part.html
165 * "Burroughs Adding Machine Company - Typewriters"
See: http://www.burroughsinfo.com/typewriters.html
166 * "Hall Typewriter Serial Numbers" by Al Sumrall
167 * LC Smith and Corona Service Bulletins (1939-1954) From the collection of T. Munk
168 * "Research on Halberg" by Theo Verkerk
See: https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157289533199678/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157248994634678/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157259808104678/
169 * Royal Royalite Parts Manuals 1955-1965 From the collection of T. Munk
170 * "FRISTER & ROSSMANN TYPEWRITERS"
See: https://www.fiddlebase.com/frister-rossmann/f-r-typewriters/
171 * Dial-a-Ribbon & Typing by Numbers
See: https://etzone.org/2022/05/05/dial-a-ribbon-typing-by-numbers
172 * etzone - a summary of Sharp's electronic daisy wheel models
See: https://etzone.org/sharp-2/
173 * etzone - a summary of Canon's electronic daisy wheel models
See: https://etzone.org/canon/
174 * etzone - a summary of Nakajima All's electronic daisy wheel models
See: https://etzone.org/nakajima-all/
175 * "Nakajima Model 800 Typewriter: The most surprising machine of ALL" by Robert Messenger
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/07/nakajima-model-800-typewriter-most.html
176 * Établissements Japy Frères, Historique et technologie des machines à écrire, [1946]
From the collection of Georg Sommeregger
177 *Leeftijdslijst van Schrijfmachines [1958]
From the collection of Robert Godlieb

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