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Azzurra Typewriter Serial Numbers

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Also known as Brand: HermesAlaAzzurraEtoile (Hermes)IGV

Serial Number Table Last Edited: 10/13/22 11:16
NOTE: dates shown are JAN 1 unless noted, so the serial number shown is the *first* serial number produced the given year. Exceptions are serial numbers preceded by "up to"(where you can assume that the numbers reported in that subsection are DECEMBER 31, END OF YEAR NUMBERS) or rows where a month is given in the month column. If the serial number is shown as a range (xxxx-xxxx) it indicates that we know the entire range of serial numbers for the given year.

Hermes Paillard S.A., Yverdon, Switzerland
Models and s/n Y M D Remarks Ref.

Standard Manual

Platen Diameter       Model 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,Ambassador,Ambassador Electric: 1.748" (44.4mm) 24

Model 1

   
  started 1921       13,24

Model 2

   
up to 1300 1923       10,13,24
1600 1924       13,24
1800 1925       10,13,24
2000 1926       10,13,24

Model 3

   
2000-2249 1927       13,24
2250-3399 1928       13,24
3400-4900 1929       13,24
4901-6800 1930       13,24
6801-9200 1931       13,24
9201-10600 1932       13,24
10601-12000 1933       13,24
12001-12363 1934       13,24

Model 4

   
13001-14800 1934       10,13,24
14801-16700 1935       13,24
16701-18177 1936       13,24

Model 5

   
500001-503655 1937       10,13,24
503656-507800 1938       13,24
507801-513000 1939       13,24
513001-519700 1940       13,24
519701-526900 1941       13,24
526901-534200 1942       13,24
534201-539600 1943       13,24

Model 6

   
539601-541330 1943       13,24
541331-549000 1944       13,24
549001-557200 1945       13,24
557201-565700 1946       13,24
565701-575350 1947       13,24
575351-584900 1948       13,24
584901-593350 1949       13,24
593351-600250 1950       13,24
600251-608075 1951        
608076-615300 1952       13,24
615301-620200 1953       13,24

Ambassador

   
700001-701300 1948       13,20,24
701301-704900 1949       13,20,24
704901-710800 1950       13,20,24
710801-722000 1951       13,20,24
722001-736200 1952       13,24
736201-749500 1953       6,20,24
749501-765200 1954       6,20,24
765201-782500 1955       6,20,24
782501-800800 1956       6,20,24
800801-821800 1957       6,20,24
821801-839200 1958       6,20,24
838701-856680 1959       20
856681-877597 1960       20
877598-898390 1961       20
898391-924350 1962       20
924351-942599 1963       20
942600-962799 1964       20
962800-988499 1965       20
988500-1009499 1966       20
1009500-1028699 1967       20
1028700-1049799 1968       20
1049800-1068699 1969       20
1068700-1119999 1970       20
1120000-1229999 1971       20
1230000-1259599 1972       20
1259600-1288999 1973       20
1289000 1974       20
1310600 1975       20
1337500 1976       20
??? 1977     Source 30 claims 1977 at 1337219, or a year later than Source 20. This could mean that one of them is a year off, and 1978-1980 should be 1977-1979? 30
1356400 1978       30
1366200 1979       30
1374600 1980       30

Standard 8

   
8000101-8000600 1953       6,13,20,24
8000601 1954       6,20,24
8005701 1955       20,24
8014301 1956       20,24
8024301 1957       20
8037075 1958       20
8048174 1959       20
8057871 1960       20
8070014 1961       20
8088488 1962       20
8102000 1963       20
8116300 1964       20
8132200 1965       20

Standard 9

   
8100280 1963       6
8114495 1964       6
8129318 1965       6
8145967 1966       6
8164899 1967       6
8257339 1968       6
8272314 1969       6
8299256 1970       6
8341200 1971       6
8367800 1972       6
8413000 1973       6
8435609 1974       30

Regent

   
2145000 1957       17
2169000 1958       17

Electrics

Model 9

   
8151200 1966       20
8170500 1967       20
8182870 1968       20
8273500 1969       20
8303200 1970       20
8341800 1971       20
No Production 1972       20
No Production 1973       20
8446899 1974       20

Model 10

   
2001300 1969       20
2012200 1970       20
2050500 1971       20
2071000 1972       20
2091500 1973       20
2100800 1974       20
2107500 1975       20
2109500 1976       20

Model 700

   
4148600 1971       20
4150000 1972       20
4165575 1973       20
4224800 1974       20
4238400 1975       20
4251500 1976       20

Model 705

   
2502256 1974 12     30
2515602 1975 12     30
2530321 1976 12     30
2535944 1977 12     30
2545800 1978 12     30
2553800 1979 12     30
2560500 1980 12     30

Model 808 (Single-Element)

   
8503500 1976       48

Ambassador Electric

   
845331 1959       20
853034 to 867012 1960       6
4000171 1960       6
4001741 1961       20
4009500 1962       20
4014000 1963       20
4018500 1964       20
4025000 1965       20
4034500 1966       20
4044500 1967       20
4056400 1968       20
4072900 1969       20
4093800 1970       20
4122000 1971       6
4148600 1972       6
4171300 1973       6,20
  1973        
  1974        
  1975        
4251537 1976       20

Portables

Platen Diameter       Model 2000,3000,Media 3: 1.240" (31.5mm)
(pre-1960) Baby,Rocket,Jubilee: 0.984" (25mm)
(post-1960) Baby,Rocket: 1.240" (31.5mm)
24

Hermes 2000 & Media

   
20001-21700 1933     started 1932 7,13,24
21701-25600 1934       13,24
25601-30000 1935       13,24
30001-33700 1936       13,24
33701-41500 1937       13,24
41501-50000 1938       13,24
50001-60000 1939       13,24
360001-370500 1940       13,24
370501-383000 1941       13,24
383001-395800 1942       13,24
395801-408500 1943       13,24
408501-421700 1944       13,24
421701-436200 1945       13,24
436201-453700 1946       13,24
453701-473100 1947       13,24
473101-494500 1948       13,20,24
494501-510000 1949       13,24
2000001-2000700 1949       13,24
2000701-2016500 1950       13,24
2016501-2037800 1951       13,24
2037801-2062800 1952       13,24
2062801-2085500 1953       13,24
2085501-2107100 1954       20,24
2107101-2130600 1955       20,24
2130601-2155800 1956       20,24
2155801-2187700 1957       20,24
2187701-2219700 1958       24
2219701-2237450 1959       24
2237451-2240000 1960       24

Hermes 3000 & Media 3

Hermes 3000 & Media 3 Typewriter Service & Repair Manual Printed Book | PDF  
3000001-3004101 1958 Round-top Hermes 3000 (designated HP-2/58) begins production on June, 1958 at Serial # 3,000,001.
Approx. 357,000 HP-2/58 produced in total.
Weight: 7.46kg, Dimensions: 352 x 332 x 143mm, Writing Line: 242mm (9.5"), Max Paper Width: 248mm (9.76"), Number of Parts: 1,400.
6,20,24,133
3004101-3028251 1959       6,24,133
3028251-3064176 1960     After serial # 3,046,900 latching brackets lengthened in case lid. 20,133
3064176-3112500 1961       20
3112500-3165000 1962     After serial # 3,117,000 case lid changed to new lock to avoid jamming issue with old design. 20,133
3165000-3222000 1963       20,133
3222000-3279000 1964       20,133
3279000-3336000 1965       20,133
3336000-3391500 1966 Production of HP-2/58 ends around Serial # 3,357,400.
Production of square-top metal-shelled Hermes 3000 (designated HP-2/66) begins May, 1966 at Serial # 3,357,500. Service manual suggests some "pre-series prototypes" were made.
Approx. 267,000 HP-2/66 produced in total.
Weight: 7.7kg, Dimensions: 352 x 334 x 150mm, Writing Line: 242mm (9.5"), Max Paper Width: 248mm (9.76"), Number of Parts: 1,400.
20,133
3391500-3455000 1967       20,133
3455000-3518400 1968       20,133
3518400-3571900 1969       20,133
3571900-7070000 1970 Production of HP-2/66 ends around Serial # 7,061,000. There is a jump of around 3.5 million serials here, but weirdly, if you look at existing examples, you find that this series jump happens early in 1970 while Hermes is still producing the HP-2/66 variation. This series jump makes it difficult to pin down how many HP-2/66 were made in 1970, and thus how many were made in total, but since it's only one year, we can get a close guess.
Production of square-top plastic-shelled Hermes 3000 (designated HP-2/71) begins Nov. 1970 at Serial # 7,061,400.
Approx. 450,000 HP-2/71 produced in total.
Weight: 7.7kg, Dimensions: 369 x 334 x 150mm, Writing Line: [reg. platen] 242.5mm (9.5") [wide platen] 327.5mm, Max Paper Width: [reg. platen] 248mm (9.76") [wide platen] 336mm, Number of Parts: 1,430.
20,133
7070000-7146000 1971       20,133
7146000-7211200 1972       20
7211200-7269600 1973       20
7269600-7400300 1974       20
7400300-7417700 1975       20
7417700-7438190 1976       20
7438190-7460000 1977     Approximation  
7460000-7480000 1978     Approximation  
7480000-7500000 1979     Approximation  

Baby/Rocket

Max Paper Width: 243mm (9 9/16"), Writing Line 230mm (9 1/16")
Pitch: Pica - 2.5mm (.098"), Elite - 2.0mm (.079"), Linespacing - 4.52mm (.178"). Approx 760 Parts.
Hermes Baby/Rocket Typewriter Service & Repair Manual Printed Book | PDF
131
60001-69500 1935   13,24
69501-98000 1936       13,24
98001-138000 1937       13,24
138001-173400 1938       13,24
173401-203250 1939       13,24
203251-223650 1940     Jubilee Model 13,24
223651-251400 1941       13,24
251401-278000 1942       13,24
278001-305000 1943       13,24
305001-329700 1944       13,24
329701-359999 1945       13,24
5000001-5003700 1945       13,24
5003701-5034500 1946       13,24
5034501-5069000 1947       13,24
5069001-5103000 1948       13,24
5103001-5144500 1949       13,24
5144501-5188500 1950   13,24
5188501-5239400 1951       13,24
5239401-5295000 1952       13,24
5295001-5346200 1953       13,24
5346201-5364461 1954       20,24
5400001-5418700 1954 New design at serial 5,400,000
3.6 kg (8lb.), 11 1/4" x 11 1/4" x 2 5/8" (286mm x 286mm x 67mm)
24,131
5418701-5480150 1955       20,24,131
5480151-5545900 1956       20,24,131
5545901-5615000 1957       20,24,131
5615001-5678000 1958       24,131
5678001-5743100 1959       24,131
5743101-5826240 1960 Bi-Color Ribbon selector & larger platen size.
New design, 1960 Model. 3.6 kg (8lb), 11 1/4" x 11 1/4" x 2 5/8" (286mm x 286mm x 67mm)
Machines with one-color and Bichrome ribbon feature were manufactured simultaneously for 5 months starting with #5781401. After this period, the single-color ribbon model was discontinued.
20,131
5826241-5910999 1961       20,131
5911000-5960999 1962       20,131
5961000-6025599 1963       20,131
6025600-6079799 1964 HD-2 1964 Model was introduced at the end of 1963. Size and weight changed, gull-wing ribbon covers changed to one-piece ribbon cover, long line space lever and improved carriage rails.
4kg (8lb 13oz), 12 1/16" x 11 13/16" x 3" (306mm x 300mm x 75mm)
20
6079800-6120999 1965       20
6121000-6150499 1966       20
6150500-9088999 1967     Series jumps at some point in 1967. 20
9089000-9131999 1968       20
9132000-9180599 1969       20
9180600-9262499 1970       20
9262500-9285699 1971       20
9285700-9317099 1972       20
9317100-9333799 1973       20
9333800-9356529 1974       20
9356530-9384859 1975       20
9384860 and up 1976   20

Reference numbers

* Indicates source data the current list maintainer has access to. Usually it means we have a copy of the document in question, but it might be in the form of a later edition list. However, for the purposes of validation we have been able to confirm the source.

   
No. Literature
1 * Century of the Typewriter, Wilfred A. Beeching, publ. by the British Typewriter Museum, 1974, 1990, ISBN 0951679007
2 * Joan Sales,"Date your Underwood Typewriter" - Website : http://www.oocities.org/heartland/cottage/5405/serial.htm, reference to Richard Polt
(note: The source for this article was at least partially Ref. #18)
3 Allowance Sheet 1918, made available by Andrew B. Schrader
4 Ernst Martin, Die Schreibmaschine und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte(The Typewriter and the history of it's developement), publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag and Basten International, 1920 to 1949 and reprints
5 * Darryl Rehr, Antique typewriters, by Schroeder publishing, Los Angeles, 1997, ISBN 0891457577
see: http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/book/book.html
6 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Bruce Beard, Australia
(note: this reference same as #28)
7 * "Liste der Herstellungsdaten gangbarer Schreibmaschinen" Listing of the production dates of commen typewriters), publ. by Wochenschrift für Papier, Otto Hoffmann Verlag, 1941, Berlin, copies contributed by Mr. Paul Roberts, Netherlands. Current copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
8 * Richard Polt, adapted from the book of Paul Lippman, American Typewriters: A Collector's Encyclopedia (1992) and corrected, based on a list publ. in ETCetera #4
see: http://www.aquaporin4.com/etcetera/ETC.04.pdf
9 "Fabriknummernverzeichnis" (Factory number Listing), booklet which could be purchased optionally with book reference No. 4, edition 1941, publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag, Pappenheim 1941
10 "Fabrikationsdaten von Schreibmaschinen", listing of typewriter serial numbers for dealer's, 1942 and 1935, publ. by Carl Teege Verlag, Hamburg
11 Ames Supply General Catalog from 1949
12 Information contributed by Will Davis, see : http://www.hometown.aol.com/page3.html
13 Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslaendischer Schreibmaschinen, 10 Auflage, 1955, publ. by Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg (small book, pre-owned by the Adler Werke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer, Frankfurt)
14 * Leonhard Dingwerth, Kleines Lexikon Historischer Schreibmaschinen (Small Lexicon of Historical Typewriters), publ. by Kunstgrafik Dingwerth, Eichendorffstr. 77, D-33415 Verl
15 * Office Typewriter Age List No. 26, publ. by Smith-Corona, by courtesy of Mr. Ron Fuller, Los Angeles, USA
(note: this reference same as #22)
16 * American Typewriters - A Collector's Encyclopedia by Paul Lippman, 1992, Hoboken
17 * National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1964, provided by Bill Wahl
18 * Remington Information Binder (The Sheridan Binder), 1950's to 1970's, provided by Richard Polt.
see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/09/07/in-preparation-for-an-updated-typewriter-serial-number-database-royal-portables/
19 * Interview with P. Birchmeier, Aug. 2012, reported by Georg Sommeregger.
see: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/theportabletypewriterforum/message/31895
20 * National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1980, provided by Bill Wahl.
see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/04/22/national-office-machine-dealer-association-1972-typewriter-age-guide/
21 * VOSS Schreibmaschinen, 2012, published by Georg Sommeregger.
see: https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/VOSS.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_52.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_24_typewriter.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_klein_voss.html
https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_privat.html
22 * Smith-Corona Age List #26, 1960, provided by Bill M.
see: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/typewriter-serial-numbers.html
and: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/moretypewriter-serial-numbers.html
23 * Shipman-Ward Office Machine Dealer's Line Book, Jan 1, 1954, provided by Bill Wahl.
see: http://munk.org/typecast/2013/01/05/shipman-ward-dealers-line-book-1954%E2%80%93part-2-age-lists/
24 * H.F.W. Schramm, Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und ausländischer Schreibmaschinen, 11th edition, Hans Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg 1962 - copy provided by Georg Sommeregger. Additional copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
25 * P. Frensel, Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion (einschliesslich der bis 1945 produzierten Schreibmaschinen in diesem Gebiet sowie der Produktion ab 1990), in: Schreibmaschinen- und Bureau-Zeitung, Nr. 10/1999, Nr. 11/2000, Nr. 12/2000 (originally published in: Mannheimer Hefte für Schriftvergleich, Nr. 1-2/1999) - provided by Georg Sommeregger and later by Otto Koponen
"The development of the former GDR typewriter production (including typewriters produced on its territory until 1945 and production after 1990)"
26 * "The Writing Machine (A history of the typewriter)" Michael H. Adler
27 * "Antique Typewriters from Creed to QWERTY" Michael H. Adler
28 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Dec 1973 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Peter Brill, Australia
(note: this reference same as #6)
29 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1971 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK
30 * Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1980 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK
31 * The Business Machines and Equipment Digest, publ. 1927 by Equipment-Research Corporation, copy contributed by Mark Adams.
see: http://type-writer.org/?p=2850
32 * R. Blickensderfer and P. Robert, "The Five-Pound Secretary. An Illustrated History of the Blickensderfer Typewriter", publ. 2003 by The Virtual Typewriter Museum, excerpt contributed by Georg Sommeregger.
33 * Matricolario Olivetti, copy contributed by Enrico Morozzi.
34 * Olivetti Graphika Serial Number List, compiled by Domenico Scarzello.
See: http://www.typewriterstory.com/index.php/ol-graphica
35 * Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1950. By Carl Teege, Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
36 * Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1953. Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
37 * National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, February 1, 1941. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
38 * Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. Remington Standard typewriter. New York : Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, [188-?], accessed from the Baker Library, Harvard Business School.
See: http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2574435
39 * Documented Hammond Serial Numbers, V.4 Jan. 1, 2013 through V.7 Jul 20, 2017, Compiled by Peter Weil.
40 * Blick Billheads With Serial Numbers, Compiled by Peter Weil.
41 * Olympia, USA "Allowance Sheet T-58" (approx 1977). From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
42 * IBM Typewriters Serial Numbers 1946 to 1977, Montreal Branch - IBM Canada Ltd. Contributed to Yahoo GolfBallTypewriterShop group by Jacques Coulombe.
43 * Xerox Factbook 1987
See: http://simson.net/ref/Xerox/
44 * IBM Selectric Adjustment & Parts Manual S241-5939-2
45 * Brother Service Update #31, June 20, 1985
See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-datecodes-1.jpg
46 * Brother Letter #0203 (10/1979) "How to Determine In-Warranty Typewriters"
See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-warranty-3.jpg
47 * Brother Service Manuals and Addendums 1974-1990 "The Edsel R. Sanders Collection"
See: http://munk.org/typecast/2014/05/06/a-brotherly-bonanza/
48 * National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, 1977. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
49 * Brother Group Corporate Profile, 2014
See: http://download.brother.com/pub/com/en/corporate/pdf/2014/broa4_3334_en.pdf
50 * Victor Standard Typewriters, By Will Davis
See: http://web.archive.org/web/20090830084402/http:/geocities.com/wbd641/Victor.html
51 * Die historische Entwicklung des Bet riebes Optima Erfurt (2008), by Eberhard Lippmann. Contributed by Vilhelm Dromberg
52 * Corona: The Personal Writing Machine, by S. L. Johnson
See: http://www.sljohnson.net/typewriter/corona.html
53 * Standard Folding Typewriter by Richard Milton
See: http://www.portabletypewriters.co.uk/portable_typewriters_standard_folding.htm
54 * Collect Folding Coronas, by Paul Lippman
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC004.pdf?page=4
55 * Smith-Corona Parts and Service Manuals (1947-1999) lent by Bill Wahl
56 * Europe - Oliver - SIM - MAS small typewriters, by Georg Sommeregger.
See: https://sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/OLIVER_SIM_MAS.html
57 * The Montana line of Hermes clones, by Mark Adams.
See: http://type-writer.org/?p=3598
58 * The Hermes Baby page!, by Georg Sommeregger.
See: http://www.typewriters.ch/collection/hermes_baby.html
59 * American Digest of Business Machines, 1924. Contributed by Richard Polt.
See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/ADBM1924.pdf
60 * "MTE-INV" Mesa Typewriter Exchange Stock Inventory Records 1950 to 1987. Contributed by Bill Wahl.
61 * "Mechanical Typewriters - Their History, Value, and Legacy" by Thomas A. Russo.
62 * "The IBM Model B typewriter" by IBM.
See: https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_intro.html
63 * "Remington Portables" by Richard Polt.
See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/rem-portables.htm
64 * "Moskva and Janalif Research" by Alex Sandler. (plus updates)
See: https://goo.gl/I5X12b, https://goo.gl/z0tSOq, https://goo.gl/4iq9Tz http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html, http://odtype.blogspot.com/2017/02/moskva-5-6-and-7-age-lists.html
65 * "Collector's Guide to Antique Typewriters" Dan Post, Post-Era Books, 1981.
66 * "The Unknown Writing Machine" Don Sutherland in The Antique Trader, 1978.
67 * "Don't Mind My Insanity: Updated Fox Serial Numbers" by Tyler Anderson.
See: https://wordsarewinged.blogspot.com/2016/06/dont-mind-my-insanity-updated-fox.html
68 * "A Very Good Year for Adler Favorit 2's" by Robert Godlieb.
See: http://badonoer.blogspot.com/2016/01/a-very-good-year-for-adler-favorit-2s.html
69 * "FBI Forgery by Typewriter: Re-Examining the Alger Hiss Case - How Did His 1927 Woodstock Become a 1929 Model?" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/fbi-forgery-by-typewriter-re-examining.html
70 * "The Littlest Typewriters: Bennett's Bantamweights" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/littlest-typewriters-bennetts.html
71 * "Re: [TYPEWRITERS] Bennett Typewriter on Yahoo Typewriter Forum" by Thomas Furtig.
72 * "Sabb Schreibmaschine" by Georg Sommeregger.
See: http://www.typewriters.ch/blog/2016/06/sabb-schreibmaschine/
73 * "Discovering the Studio Musicwriter" by Theodore Munk.
See: Etcetera #109 (link when available)
74 * "The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923" Herkimer County Historical Society, 1923.
75 * "The Early History of the Typewriter" by Chas. E Weller (1918).
76 * "Old Typewriters" by Duncan James (Shire, 1993).
77 * "Williams Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson, 2016.
78 * "The History of the Typewriter" by Geo. Charles Mares (Gilbert Pitman, London, 1909).
79 * "Emerson Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson & Peter Weil, 2016.
80 * "The Emerson: The Enigma of Typewriters" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-emerson-enigma-of-typewriters.html
81 * "A History of the Three-Row 'WILLIAMS' Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in Historische Bürowelt No. 21 April 1988, and No. 22 July 1988.
82 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 50-52 1922" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
83 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 6-7 1907" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
84 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 38-40 1918" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
85 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 41 1919" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
86 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 29-32 1915" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
87 * "The Victor Standard Typewriter" by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-victor-standard-typewriter.html
88 * "On This Day in Typewriter History: Trying to Unravel the Victor Mystery" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_6.html
89 * "The Franklin Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in ETCetera #1 October, 1987.
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC001.pdf
90 * "On This Day in Typewriter History (CVI)" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/09/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history-cvi.html
91 * "the Garbell Portable Typewriter" by The Garbell family.
See: http://www.garbell.com/GarbellTypewriter.html
92 * "Garbell Typewriter" by Greg Fudacz.
See: http://www.antikeychop.com/#!garbell-typewriter/us0eg
93 * "Fox Visible Typewriters - An Overview " by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-visible-typewriters-overview.html
94 * "Fox Portable Typewriters and the Demise of Fox Typewriter Company " by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-portable-typewriters-and-demise-of.html
95 * "The American Stationer" 1906.
96 * "The American Stationer" 1907.
97 * "Franklin Typewriter Ephemera" collected by Peter Weil, 2016.
98 * "A Bennington Letter" collected by Martin Howard.
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC082.pdf
99 * "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 6, 1921.
100 * "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 7-8, 1922.
101 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 35-37 1917" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
102 * "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 44-46 1920" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
103 * "On This Day in Typewriter History: Unearthing the Molle" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/01/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_9569.html
104 * "It's pronounced 'Mollie'" by Mark Adams.
See: http://type-writer.org/?p=4230
105 * "The Iron Age, Volume 79 - 1907".
106 * "Office Appliances Volume 36 - July 1922".
107 * "Office Appliances Volume 34 - July 1921".
108 * "The American Pocket Typewriter and Wellington Parker Kidder's Rochester" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-american-pocket-typewriter-and.html
109 * "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Details - The early days of the Noiseless Typewriter" by Ed Neuert.
See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC081.pdf
110 * "The Merritt" by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2016/09/merritt.html
111 * "Yatran The Heaviest" by Alex Sandler.
See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/09/yatran-heaviest.html
112 * "Moskva 3 and 4 age lists as of 10-2016" by Alex Sandler.
See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html
113 * "Portable Typewriters Today - February 2015" by Will Davis.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/02/portable-typewriters-today-february-2015.html
114 * "The Early Bar-Lock" and "Bar-Lock Typewriters - Models 4 to 15" by Bert Kerschbaumer.
See: ETCetera #98 & #114
115 * "AMES Supply General Catalog #10 - March, 1960".
116 * "AMES Supply Parts Catalog #11P - Feb., 1965".
117 * "The Amazing Masspro Portable Typewriter: 'Grandson' of the Standard Folding" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-amazing-maspro-portable-typewriter.html
118 * "Masspro Typewriter Page" by Greg Fudacz.
See: http://www.antikeychop.com/masspro-typewriter
119 * "Carl P. Dietz Collection of Typewriters", by George Herrl, 1965.
120 * "Royal Paint Touch-Up Color List", Rev. June, 1968.
121 * "Olympia SM series (part 1, 1948-1964)" by Nick T.
See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/02/olympia-sm-series-part-1-1948-1964.html
122 * "Olympia SM series (part 2, 1964-1980s)" by Nick T.
See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/04/olympia-sm-series-part-2-1964-1980s.html
123 * "AMES Supply General Catalog #5 - August, 1940".
124 * "1975 Smith-Corona Model Prefix Guide", Discovered by Jonathan Kinser from Smith-Corona research.
125 * "Evolution of the Typewriter", C. V. Oden, 1917.
126 * "1912-1923 The Origins and Evolution of the Typewriter" Various Authors.
127 * "The Swedish Densmore Typewriter" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-swedish-densmore-typewriter.html
128 * "All or Nakajima" by Steve K.
See: https://etzone.org/2017/06/17/all-or-nakajima
129 * Smith-Corona Series Estimates researched by Nick Bodemer, 2017
130 * Research by Peter Weil, and ephemera from The Cornelia and Peter Weil Typewriter Archives
131 * 1963 Hermes Baby Adjustment Manual B3, from the collection of T. Munk
132 * Underwood Age List, from the collection of Tony Casillo
See: http://www.typewritercollector.com/images/underwoodagelist.pdf
133 * 1966 & 1971 Hermes 3000 Adjustment Manuals G4,G6 & 1971, from the collection of Jacques Perrier, Museum of the Typewriter, Lausanne, Switzerland
See: https://www.perrier-sa.ch/musee/boutique/
134 * "Korean Typewriters" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/01/korean-typewriters.html
135 * 1985 IBM Replacement Guide Form 71K6222, supplied by Clark Hinson from the collection of Roger Brockevelt
136 * "Blickensderfer’s last hurrah as a Remington" by Mark Adams.
See: https://type-writer.org/?p=4294
137 * Blickensderfer Research by Peter Weil, 2017
138 * Etcetera #106-107
139 * "Briefly Blick-Bar" by Robert Messenger.
See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/briefly-blick-bar.html
140 "Lexikon historischer Schreibmaschinen seit 1940" (Typewriter Lexikon since 1940) published 2008 by Leonhard Dingwerth.
141 * "Olivetti macchine per scrivere meccaniche" published 2013 by Carlo Torchio.
From the collection of Carl Hartmann via Mario Bellini
142 * "The ABC in Detail" by Will Davis and Thomas Fürtig.
See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/search?q=abc+in+detail
143 * "The Real Story of the Brosette Typewriter and its successor the Jaykay Portable" by Michael A. Brown.
See: http://typexnews.com/links/Brosette.pdf
144 * "A Royal Safari at Eighteen Years on the Net" by Will Davis.
See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-royal-safari-at-eighteen-years-on-net.html
145 "The typewriter industry, The impact of a significant technological innovation" 1970 doctoral dissertation by George Nichols Engler, UCLA.
See: https://archive.org/details/TheTypewriterIndustry
146 * Research by Ian Brumfield
147 * Typewriter pages from Sears Catalogs: 1900-1985 From the collections of Alan Seaver (mostly), Nick Bodemer and T. Munk.
148 * "Ten Most Wanted Typewriters" by Richard Polt.
See: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-10mw.html
149 * Messa Research by Carl Hartmann.
150 * "The Dawn of the Lettera 22" by John Cooper.
See: https://atypeofmadness.com/2019/02/12/the-dawn-of-the-lettera-22
151 * "Litton Drags its Caravan Through the Typewriter Desert" by Robert Messenger.
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2019/03/litton-drags-its-caravan-through.html
152 * "Typewriter review: 2019 Royal Classic" by Richard Polt.
See: https://writingball.blogspot.com/2019/03/typewriter-review-2019-royal-classic.html
153 * "GENERATION 3000" by Will Davis.
See: http://www.willdavis.org/Generation3000.html
154 * "Everything New in Portable Typewriters is Old Again" by Robert Messenger.
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/12/everything-new-in-portable-typewriters.html
155 * "Pretentious Self-Indulgence, and Also Some Pretty Big Breakthroughs" by Ian Brumfield.
See: http://dailyclipper.retroid.xyz/2019/07/16/pretentious-self-indulgence-and-also-some-pretty-big-breakthroughs
156 "1965-1969 Royal Line Catalog" from the collection of Ian Brumfield.
157 * "Harris Visible, Rex Visible, Demountable; Name variants; Vim Visible" by Will Davis.
See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/01/harris-visible-rex-visible-demountable.html
158 * "1973 NOMDA Blue Book" by National Office Machine Dealers Association.
159 * "Olympia Engineering Bulletin General-3" by ITC, Jan 1, 1969.
160 * "IDENTIFYING AND DATING ANTIQUE CALIGRAPH WRITING MACHINES Nos. 1-4" by Al Sumrall.
See: https://oldhoodooblog.wordpress.com/2020/03/20/identifying-and-dating-antique-caligraph-writing-machines-typewriters-nos-1-4/
161 * "Some Type Writers - Their Origin and Uses" By J. B. Huling in Scientific American #575 - January 8, 1887.
162 * "Typewriter, A Celebration of the Ultimate Writing Machine" by Paul Robert and Peter Weil, 2016.
163 * "The Caligraph Publications" by Paul Robert.
164 * "Magic, Maligners and Malfunctions. Part IV – the Waverley, Maskelyne, Rapid, Salter and Many More." by Robert Messenger.
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2020/07/magic-maligners-and-malfunctions-part.html
165 * "Burroughs Adding Machine Company - Typewriters"
See: http://www.burroughsinfo.com/typewriters.html
166 * "Hall Typewriter Serial Numbers" by Al Sumrall
167 * LC Smith and Corona Service Bulletins (1939-1954) From the collection of T. Munk
168 * "Research on Halberg" by Theo Verkerk
See: https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157289533199678/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157248994634678/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157259808104678/
169 * Royal Royalite Parts Manuals 1955-1965 From the collection of T. Munk
170 * "FRISTER & ROSSMANN TYPEWRITERS"
See: https://www.fiddlebase.com/frister-rossmann/f-r-typewriters/
171 * Dial-a-Ribbon & Typing by Numbers
See: https://etzone.org/2022/05/05/dial-a-ribbon-typing-by-numbers
172 * etzone - a summary of Sharp's electronic daisy wheel models
See: https://etzone.org/sharp-2/
173 * etzone - a summary of Canon's electronic daisy wheel models
See: https://etzone.org/canon/
174 * etzone - a summary of Nakajima All's electronic daisy wheel models
See: https://etzone.org/nakajima-all/
175 * "Nakajima Model 800 Typewriter: The most surprising machine of ALL" by Robert Messenger
See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/07/nakajima-model-800-typewriter-most.html
176 * Établissements Japy Frères, Historique et technologie des machines à écrire, [1946]
From the collection of Georg Sommeregger
177 *Leeftijdslijst van Schrijfmachines [1958]
From the collection of Robert Godlieb