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Baby Fox Typewriter Serial Numbers

Also known as Brand: Fox • Baby Fox • Rapid (Fox)

Serial Number Table Last Edited: 12/11/24 04:16
NOTE: dates shown are JAN 1 unless noted, so the serial number shown is the *first* serial number produced the given year. Exceptions are serial numbers preceded by "up to"(where you can assume that the numbers reported in that subsection are DECEMBER 31, END OF YEAR NUMBERS) or rows where a month is given in the month column. If the serial number is shown as a range (xxxx-xxxx) it indicates that we know the entire range of serial numbers for the given year.

Models and s/n	Y	M	D	Remarks	Ref.
History	1896-1898	Patents: US614943 Filed Oct 19, 1896 • Issued Nov 29, 1898 US633827 Filed Nov 26, 1897 • Issued Sep 26, 1899 US633826 (electric?) Filed Nov 8, 1897 • Issued Sep 26, 1899 US656785 Filed Mar 9, 1899 • Issued Aug 28, 1900 US670477 Filed Dec 9, 1899 • Issued Mar 26, 1901 US672523 Filed Oct 1, 1898 • Issued Apr 23, 1901 US697430 Filed Jun 12, 1900 • Issued Apr 15, 1902 US706749 Filed Nov 4, 1899 • Issued Aug 12, 1902 US727340 Filed Oct 1, 1898 • Issued May 5, 1903 US771620 Filed Dec 11, 1901 • Issued Oct 4, 1904 US775269 Filed Jul 31, 1902 • Issued Nov 15, 1904 US775270 Filed Dec 6, 1902 • Issued Nov 15, 1904 US837554 Filed Jul 31, 1902 • Issued Dec 4, 1906 US839129 Filed Sep 16, 1904 • Issued Dec 25, 1906 US839746 Filed Jul 17, 1905 • Issued Dec 25, 1906 US852427 Filed Dec 6, 1902 • Issued May 7, 1907 US852428 Filed Jun 7, 1906 • Issued May 7, 1907 US853965 Filed Feb 1, 1907 • Issued May 21, 1907 US854207 Filed Oct 29, 1904 • Issued May 21, 1907 US855509 Filed Mar 16, 1907 • Issued Jun 4, 1907 US856629 Filed Sep 16, 1904 • Issued Jun 11, 1907 US863372 Filed Apr 23, 1906 • Issued Aug 13, 1907 US864777 Filed Mar 4, 1907 • Issued Sep 3, 1907 US872809 Filed Feb 1, 1907 • Issued Dec 3, 1907 US879159 Filed Apr 23, 1906 • Issued Feb 18, 1908 US880290 Filed Jun 7, 1907 • Issued Feb 25, 1908 US880648 Filed Mar 16, 1907 • Issued Mar 3, 1908 US882058 Filed May 6, 1904 • Issued Mar 17, 1908 US912660 Filed Apr 23, 1906 • Issued Feb 16, 1909 US931855 Filed Dec 14, 1907 • Issued Aug 24, 1909 US978871 Filed Jan 21, 1907 • Issued Dec 20, 1910 US1001749 Filed Mar 19, 1906 • Issued Aug 29, 1911 US1014962 Filed Jun 5, 1911 • Issued Jan 16, 1912 US1015384 Filed Dec 6, 1910 • Issued Jan 23, 1912 US1087650 Filed Dec 9, 1911 • Issued Feb 17, 1914 US1096234 Filed Mar 4, 1907 • Issued May 12, 1914 US1163133 Filed Jun 7, 1907 • Issued Dec 7, 1915 US1163134 Filed Jan 18, 1912 • Issued Dec 7, 1915		Patented in 1898 by William R. Fox and Glen J. Barrett and manufactured by the Fox Typewriter Co., 472 Front St., Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. The design was complicated and expensive to manufacture, and while high-quality, it eventually doomed the company, helped along by legal problems with Corona. Models 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 all Blind-Writers. Models 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 all Visible Writers. Models 1 and 2: 2,800 Total machines. Model 3: 8,500 Total machines. Model 4: 3,700 Total machines. Models 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20: 1,000 Total machines.	65,67,93
Platen Diameter				unknown

1-50	1898			No. 1 Model 1 introduced. First standard machine; 4-row upstrike, 39 keys. Total Machines: 50 Model 10 introduced. Export version of the Model 1 and later on the Model 3.	67
51-175	1899			No. 2 1899 Total Machines: 125 Model 2 introduced. Improved 4-row upstrike, with 44 keys.	67
176-1000	1900			1900 Total Machines: 825	67
1001-2250	1901			No. 3,4,5,6,7,8 1901 Total Machines: 1250 Model 3 introduced in April. Successor to Model 1; 4-row upstrike, 39 keys. Model 4 introduced in April. Successor to Model 2; 4-row upstrike, 44 keys; Decimal Tabulator introduced in 1904. Model 5 introduced. Carriage takes paper 12 inches wide, writes 9.5 inches. Model 6 introduced. Carriage Takes paper 14.5 inches wide, writes 12 inches. Model 7 introduced. Carriage Takes paper 16.5 inches wide, writes 14 inches. Model 8 introduced. Carriage Takes paper 19 inches wide, writes 16.5 inches.	67
2251-3700	1902			1902 Total Machines: 1500	67
3751-7000	1903			1903 Total Machines: 3250	67
7001-11000	1904			1904 Total Machines: 4000 Decimal Tabulator on Model 4.	67
11001-16000	1905			1905 Total Machines: 5000	67
16001-19000	1906			No. 23 1906 Total Machines: 3000 February, 1906: Visible frontstroke announced to the trade, priced at $100. Model 23 began. First visible machine, initially for the domestic market; tabulator introduced shortly after introduction, backspace added February 1910. Spiritual successor to Model 3. Platen 9.5" writing 7.5". Two-speed escapement, segment shift, ball bearing carriage, bichrome ribbon, 39 keys, interchangable carriage, line lock, decimal tabulator (optional). Fox visible machines run in serial numbers from 16,000 to about 125,000. The No. 23 machine disappears around serial 36,000. The serial is the second of the two numbers.	67,93
19001-25500	1907			No. 24,25,26,27,28 1907 Total Machines: 6500 Model 24 introduced. At first the export model, before being transitioned into an spiritual successor to the Model 4. Platen 9.5" writing 7.5". Model 25 began. Wide Carriage; Platen 12", writing 9.5". Model 26 began. Wide Carriage; Platen 14.5", writing 12". Model 27 began. Wide Carriage; Platen 16.5", writing 14". Model 28 began. Wide Carriage; Platen 19", writing 17". Two-speed escapement, segment shift, ball bearing carriage, bichrome ribbon, 44 keys, interchangable carriage, line lock, decimal tabulator (optional).	67,93
25501-32000	1908			1908 Total Machines: 6500 The single-key tabulator was introduced 1908.	67
32001-43000	1909			Rapid 10 1909 Total Machines: 11000 The backspacer was introduced March of 1909.	67,130
42001-46500	1910			1910 Total Machines: 3500 "Rapid 10" Model 23 rebuilt at factory for surplus sale.	67
46501-52000	1911			1911 Total Machines: 5500	67
52001-60000	1912			New No. 24,25,26,28 1912 Total Machines: 8000 March, 1912: "New" Fox Visible line introduced. Small improvements including addition of carriage release lever on right side, repositioning backspace key, lighter touch. "Double Bevel" escapement replaces old "Two Speed" escapement. Removable, conical ribbon spool. New cemented celluloid dished keytops. 44 keys. Model 24 carriage now handles larger paper, and Model 23 and 27 are omitted from the product line: Model 24. Normal Carriage; Platen 10.5", writing 8.5". Model 25. Wide Carriage; Platen 12", writing 9.5". Model 26. Wide Carriage; Platen 14.5", writing 12". Model 28. Wide Carriage; Platen 19", writing 17". The introduction of the carriage release lever on the right side of the carriage occurred in 1912.	67,93
60001-67000	1913			1913 Total Machines: 7000 Fox begins filing patents for simplifications to his design, hoping to decrese the cost of manufacturing the machine. None of these improvements are incorporated, however, and costs do not decrease.	67,93
67001-73000	1914			1914 Total Machines: 6000	67,93
73001-75500	1915	1-5		January through May 1915 - Total Machines: 2500 Fox Typewriter plant is partly idled as William R. Fox sells his interest in the company in January and the Fox Typewriter Co. reorganizes July 19, 1915. W.R. Fox returns to the Fox Machine Co. and removes to Jackson, Michigan, USA. Fox is now headed by Earl Stokoe, Irving Frank and F. I Chichester.	65,67,94
100000-102000	1915	6-12		June through December 1915 - Total Machines: 2000	67
102001-105120	1916			1916 Total Machines: 3120 October 1916: Fox becomes the first US manufacturer to announce that it is developing an in-house portable to compliment the line of standards.	67,94
105121-108240	1917			1917 Total Machines: 3120 Fox introduces portable Fox No. 1 (see below). General Sales Manager Irving Franks resigns his position and sells his stock. Fox Typewriter Co. increases its stock capitalization 2.5x, with the issuance purchsed by existing shareholders.	67,93,94
108241-111360	1918			1918 Total Machines: 3120 Glass topped nickle-rimmed keytops can now often be found rather than celluloid keytops. They appear often in advertising images through 1914-1915 and start showing up around serial 110,000 May 1918: Fox Typewriter Co. increases stock capitalization to $450,000.	67,93,94
111360-117600	1919			1919 Total Machines: 6240 July 1919: Corona Typewriter Co. files suit against Fox Typewriter Co., claiming both infringement of multiple patents held or controlled by them, and unfair competition. This action began a drawn out process that would continue for three years.	67
117600-123840	1920			1920 Total Machines: 6240	67
123840-124700	1921			1921 Total Machines: 860	67

Fox Portable aka Baby Fox	1917	Patents: US1337563 Filed Dec 26, 1917 • Issued Apr 20, 1920		Designed by Henry P. Nordmark so that its carriage pushed down behind the typewriter when the machine was to be stowed for use.	94
Platen Diameter				unknown
Models and s/n	Y	M	D	Remarks	Ref.
1-1000	1917			No. 1 Portable No. 1 first advertised November 1917, ran series 1-10000. Weight 5 3/4lbs, 3" high when folded, sold for $50. Segment shifted 3 bank collapsing portable, bichrome ribbon, variable line spacing, carriage release on right side only.	67,94
1001-4000	1918				67
4001-8000	1919				67
8001-11750	1920			No. 2 Portable No. 2 ran series 10000-12000, introduced July, 1920. August 27, 1920: first court case in the series of lawsuits between Corona and Fox is decided in favor of Corona. An injunction against Fox is granted.	67,94
11751-13000	1921			Sterling Fox Sterling (AKA No. 3) began around February 1921 and ran series 12000-13000. Non-collapsing 3-bank portable. Other than having a fixed carriage, it is mechanically similar to previous model. March 1921: Fox Typewriter Company is declared in receivership. W. A. Papworth is appointed by the court as Receiver and General Manager.	67,94
	1922			March 1922: it is reported that the sale of Fox Typewriter Co. to Wesley H. Bennington of Xcel Typewriter Co. is imminent, but this deal falls through on July 1, 1922. July 15, 1922: Fox reduces its capitalization from $450,000 to $45,000. August 1922: court orders sale of Fox Typewriter Co. at foreclosure sale. November 1922: Second legal battle between Corona and Fox is decided mostly in favor of Fox. It is a Phyrrhic victory, though, because Fox is no more.	94

Reference numbers * Indicates source data the current list maintainer has access to. Usually it means we have a copy of the document in question, but it might be in the form of a later edition list. However, for the purposes of validation we have been able to confirm the source.

No.	Literature
1	* Century of the Typewriter, Wilfred A. Beeching, publ. by the British Typewriter Museum, 1974, 1990, ISBN 0951679007
2	* Joan Sales,"Date your Underwood Typewriter" - Website : http://www.oocities.org/heartland/cottage/5405/serial.htm, reference to Richard Polt (note: The source for this article was at least partially Ref. #18)
3	Allowance Sheet 1918, made available by Andrew B. Schrader
4	Ernst Martin, Die Schreibmaschine und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte(The Typewriter and the history of it's developement), publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag and Basten International, 1920 to 1949 and reprints
5	* Darryl Rehr, Antique typewriters, by Schroeder publishing, Los Angeles, 1997, ISBN 0891457577 see: http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/book/book.html
6	* Typewriter Age Guide, publ. by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Bruce Beard, Australia (note: this reference same as #28)
7	* "Liste der Herstellungsdaten gangbarer Schreibmaschinen" Listing of the production dates of commen typewriters), publ. by Wochenschrift für Papier, Otto Hoffmann Verlag, 1941, Berlin, copies contributed by Mr. Paul Roberts, Netherlands. Current copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
8	* Richard Polt, adapted from the book of Paul Lippman, American Typewriters: A Collector's Encyclopedia (1992) and corrected, based on a list publ. in ETCetera #4 see: http://www.aquaporin4.com/etcetera/ETC.04.pdf
9	"Fabriknummernverzeichnis" (Factory number Listing), booklet which could be purchased optionally with book reference No. 4, edition 1941, publ. by Johannes Meyer Verlag, Pappenheim 1941
10	"Fabrikationsdaten von Schreibmaschinen", listing of typewriter serial numbers for dealer's, 1942 and 1935, publ. by Carl Teege Verlag, Hamburg
11	Ames Supply General Catalog from 1949
12	Information contributed by Will Davis, see : ~~http://www.hometown.aol.com/page3.html~~
13	Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslaendischer Schreibmaschinen, 10 Auflage, 1955, publ. by Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg (small book, pre-owned by the Adler Werke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer, Frankfurt)
14	* Leonhard Dingwerth, Kleines Lexikon Historischer Schreibmaschinen (Small Lexicon of Historical Typewriters), publ. by Kunstgrafik Dingwerth, Eichendorffstr. 77, D-33415 Verl
15	* Office Typewriter Age List No. 26, publ. by Smith-Corona, by courtesy of Mr. Ron Fuller, Los Angeles, USA (note: this reference same as #22)
16	* American Typewriters - A Collector's Encyclopedia by Paul Lippman, 1992, Hoboken
17	* National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1964, provided by Bill Wahl
18	* Remington Information Binder (The Sheridan Binder), 1950's to 1970's, provided by Richard Polt. see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/09/07/in-preparation-for-an-updated-typewriter-serial-number-database-royal-portables/
19	* Interview with P. Birchmeier, Aug. 2012, reported by Georg Sommeregger. see: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/theportabletypewriterforum/message/31895
20	* National Office Machine Dealers Assoc. "Blue Book" (NOMDA), 1980, provided by Bill Wahl. see: http://munk.org/typecast/2011/04/22/national-office-machine-dealer-association-1972-typewriter-age-guide/
21	* VOSS Schreibmaschinen, 2012, published by Georg Sommeregger. see: https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/VOSS.html https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_52.html https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_24_typewriter.html https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_klein_voss.html https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/voss_privat.html
22	* Smith-Corona Age List #26, 1960, provided by Bill M. see: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/typewriter-serial-numbers.html and: http://offountainpenstypewriters.blogspot.com/2012/02/moretypewriter-serial-numbers.html
23	* Shipman-Ward Office Machine Dealer's Line Book, Jan 1, 1954, provided by Bill Wahl. see: http://munk.org/typecast/2013/01/05/shipman-ward-dealers-line-book-1954%E2%80%93part-2-age-lists/
24	* H.F.W. Schramm, Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und ausländischer Schreibmaschinen, 11th edition, Hans Burghagen Verlag, Hamburg 1962 - copy provided by Georg Sommeregger. Additional copy from the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
25	* P. Frensel, Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion (einschliesslich der bis 1945 produzierten Schreibmaschinen in diesem Gebiet sowie der Produktion ab 1990), in: Schreibmaschinen- und Bureau-Zeitung, Nr. 10/1999, Nr. 11/2000, Nr. 12/2000 (originally published in: Mannheimer Hefte für Schriftvergleich, Nr. 1-2/1999) - provided by Georg Sommeregger and later by Otto Koponen "The development of the former GDR typewriter production (including typewriters produced on its territory until 1945 and production after 1990)"
26	* "The Writing Machine (A history of the typewriter)" Michael H. Adler
27	* "Antique Typewriters from Creed to QWERTY" Michael H. Adler
28	* Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Dec 1973 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies contributed by Mr. Peter Brill, Australia (note: this reference same as #6)
29	* Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1971 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK
30	* Typewriter Age Guide, publ. Oct 1980 by Office Machines and Equipment Federation, London, copies: T. Munk with the assistance of Mr. Rob Bowker, UK
31	* The Business Machines and Equipment Digest, publ. 1927 by Equipment-Research Corporation, copy contributed by Mark Adams. see: http://type-writer.org/?p=2850
32	* R. Blickensderfer and P. Robert, "The Five-Pound Secretary. An Illustrated History of the Blickensderfer Typewriter", publ. 2003 by The Virtual Typewriter Museum, excerpt contributed by Georg Sommeregger.
33	* Matricolario Olivetti, copy contributed by Enrico Morozzi.
34	* Olivetti Graphika Serial Number List, compiled by Domenico Scarzello. See: http://www.typewriterstory.com/index.php/ol-graphica
35	* Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1950. By Carl Teege, Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
36	* Liste der Herstellungsdaten deutscher und auslandischer Schreibmaschinen - 1953. Published by Hans Burghagen Verlag. From the collection of Ryk van Dijk, scanned by Marlies Louwes.
37	* National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, February 1, 1941. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
38	* Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. Remington Standard typewriter. New York : Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, [188-?], accessed from the Baker Library, Harvard Business School. See: http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2574435
39	* Documented Hammond Serial Numbers, V.4 Jan. 1, 2013 through V.7 Jul 20, 2017, Compiled by Peter Weil.
40	* Blick Billheads With Serial Numbers, Compiled by Peter Weil.
41	* Olympia, USA "Allowance Sheet T-58" (approx 1977). From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
42	* IBM Typewriters Serial Numbers 1946 to 1977, Montreal Branch - IBM Canada Ltd. Contributed to Yahoo GolfBallTypewriterShop group by Jacques Coulombe.
43	* Xerox Factbook 1987 See: http://simson.net/ref/Xerox/
44	* IBM Selectric Adjustment & Parts Manual S241-5939-2
45	* Brother Service Update #31, June 20, 1985 See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-datecodes-1.jpg
46	* Brother Letter #0203 (10/1979) "How to Determine In-Warranty Typewriters" See: http://munk.org/typecast/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/brother-warranty-3.jpg
47	* Brother Service Manuals and Addendums 1974-1990 "The Edsel R. Sanders Collection" See: http://munk.org/typecast/2014/05/06/a-brotherly-bonanza/
48	* National Typewriter and Office Machine Dealer's Association (NOMDA) Typewriter and Adding Machine Allowance Schedule, 1977. From the Collection of Tony Casillo, contributed by Richard Polt.
49	* Brother Group Corporate Profile, 2014 See: http://download.brother.com/pub/com/en/corporate/pdf/2014/broa4_3334_en.pdf
50	* Victor Standard Typewriters, By Will Davis See: http://web.archive.org/web/20090830084402/http:/geocities.com/wbd641/Victor.html
51	* Die historische Entwicklung des Bet riebes Optima Erfurt (2008), by Eberhard Lippmann. Contributed by Vilhelm Dromberg
52	* Corona: The Personal Writing Machine, by S. L. Johnson See: http://www.sljohnson.net/typewriter/corona.html
53	* Standard Folding Typewriter by Richard Milton See: http://www.portabletypewriters.co.uk/portable_typewriters_standard_folding.htm
54	* Collect Folding Coronas, by Paul Lippman See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC004.pdf?page=4
55	* Smith-Corona Parts and Service Manuals (1947-1999) lent by Bill Wahl
56	* Europe - Oliver - SIM - MAS small typewriters, by Georg Sommeregger. See: https://sommeregger.name/typewriters/collection/OLIVER_SIM_MAS.html
57	* The Montana line of Hermes clones, by Mark Adams. See: http://type-writer.org/?p=3598
58	* The Hermes Baby page!, by Georg Sommeregger. See: http://www.typewriters.ch/collection/hermes_baby.html
59	* American Digest of Business Machines, 1924. Contributed by Richard Polt. See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/ADBM1924.pdf
60	* "MTE-INV" Mesa Typewriter Exchange Stock Inventory Records 1950 to 1987. Contributed by Bill Wahl.
61	* "Mechanical Typewriters - Their History, Value, and Legacy" by Thomas A. Russo.
62	* "The IBM Model B typewriter" by IBM. See: https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_intro.html
63	* "Remington Portables" by Richard Polt. See: http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/rem-portables.htm
64	* "Moskva and Janalif Research" by Alex Sandler. (plus updates) See: https://goo.gl/I5X12b, https://goo.gl/z0tSOq, https://goo.gl/4iq9Tz http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html, http://odtype.blogspot.com/2017/02/moskva-5-6-and-7-age-lists.html
65	* "Collector's Guide to Antique Typewriters" Dan Post, Post-Era Books, 1981.
66	* "The Unknown Writing Machine" Don Sutherland in The Antique Trader, 1978.
67	* "Don't Mind My Insanity: Updated Fox Serial Numbers" by Tyler Anderson. See: https://wordsarewinged.blogspot.com/2016/06/dont-mind-my-insanity-updated-fox.html
68	* "A Very Good Year for Adler Favorit 2's" by Robert Godlieb. See: http://badonoer.blogspot.com/2016/01/a-very-good-year-for-adler-favorit-2s.html
69	* "FBI Forgery by Typewriter: Re-Examining the Alger Hiss Case - How Did His 1927 Woodstock Become a 1929 Model?" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/fbi-forgery-by-typewriter-re-examining.html
70	* "The Littlest Typewriters: Bennett's Bantamweights" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/littlest-typewriters-bennetts.html
71	* "Re: [TYPEWRITERS] Bennett Typewriter on Yahoo Typewriter Forum" by Thomas Furtig.
72	* "Sabb Schreibmaschine" by Georg Sommeregger. See: http://www.typewriters.ch/blog/2016/06/sabb-schreibmaschine/
73	* "Discovering the Studio Musicwriter" by Theodore Munk. See: Etcetera #109 (link when available)
74	* "The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923" Herkimer County Historical Society, 1923.
75	* "The Early History of the Typewriter" by Chas. E Weller (1918).
76	* "Old Typewriters" by Duncan James (Shire, 1993).
77	* "Williams Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson, 2016.
78	* "The History of the Typewriter" by Geo. Charles Mares (Gilbert Pitman, London, 1909).
79	* "Emerson Typewriter Research" by Tyler Anderson & Peter Weil, 2016.
80	* "The Emerson: The Enigma of Typewriters" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-emerson-enigma-of-typewriters.html
81	* "A History of the Three-Row 'WILLIAMS' Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in Historische Bürowelt No. 21 April 1988, and No. 22 July 1988.
82	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 50-52 1922" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
83	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 6-7 1907" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
84	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 38-40 1918" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
85	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 41 1919" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
86	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 29-32 1915" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
87	* "The Victor Standard Typewriter" by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-victor-standard-typewriter.html
88	* "On This Day in Typewriter History: Trying to Unravel the Victor Mystery" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_6.html
89	* "The Franklin Typewriters" by Richard E. Dickerson in ETCetera #1 October, 1987. See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC001.pdf
90	* "On This Day in Typewriter History (CVI)" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/09/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history-cvi.html
91	* "the Garbell Portable Typewriter" by The Garbell family. See: http://www.garbell.com/GarbellTypewriter.html
92	* "Garbell Typewriter" by Greg Fudacz. See: http://www.antikeychop.com/#!garbell-typewriter/us0eg
93	* "Fox Visible Typewriters - An Overview " by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-visible-typewriters-overview.html
94	* "Fox Portable Typewriters and the Demise of Fox Typewriter Company " by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/08/fox-portable-typewriters-and-demise-of.html
95	* "The American Stationer" 1906.
96	* "The American Stationer" 1907.
97	* "Franklin Typewriter Ephemera" collected by Peter Weil, 2016.
98	* "A Bennington Letter" collected by Martin Howard. See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC082.pdf
99	* "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 6, 1921.
100	* "Filing & Office Management Magazine" Volume 7-8, 1922.
101	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 35-37 1917" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
102	* "Typewriter Topics: Vol. 44-46 1920" by The International Office Equipment Magazine.
103	* "On This Day in Typewriter History: Unearthing the Molle" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/01/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_9569.html
104	* "It's pronounced 'Mollie'" by Mark Adams. See: http://type-writer.org/?p=4230
105	* "The Iron Age, Volume 79 - 1907".
106	* "Office Appliances Volume 36 - July 1922".
107	* "Office Appliances Volume 34 - July 1921".
108	* "The American Pocket Typewriter and Wellington Parker Kidder's Rochester" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-american-pocket-typewriter-and.html
109	* "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Details - The early days of the Noiseless Typewriter" by Ed Neuert. See: http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC081.pdf
110	* "The Merritt" by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2016/09/merritt.html
111	* "Yatran The Heaviest" by Alex Sandler. See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/09/yatran-heaviest.html
112	* "Moskva 3 and 4 age lists as of 10-2016" by Alex Sandler. See: http://odtype.blogspot.com/2016/10/moskva-3-and-4-age-lists-as-of-ix2016.html
113	* "Portable Typewriters Today - February 2015" by Will Davis. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/02/portable-typewriters-today-february-2015.html
114	* "The Early Bar-Lock" and "Bar-Lock Typewriters - Models 4 to 15" by Bert Kerschbaumer. See: ETCetera #98 & #114
115	* "AMES Supply General Catalog #10 - March, 1960".
116	* "AMES Supply Parts Catalog #11P - Feb., 1965".
117	* "The Amazing Masspro Portable Typewriter: 'Grandson' of the Standard Folding" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-amazing-maspro-portable-typewriter.html
118	* "Masspro Typewriter Page" by Greg Fudacz. See: http://www.antikeychop.com/masspro-typewriter
119	* "Carl P. Dietz Collection of Typewriters", by George Herrl, 1965.
120	* "Royal Paint Touch-Up Color List", Rev. June, 1968.
121	* "Olympia SM series (part 1, 1948-1964)" by Nick T. See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/02/olympia-sm-series-part-1-1948-1964.html
122	* "Olympia SM series (part 2, 1964-1980s)" by Nick T. See: http://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/04/olympia-sm-series-part-2-1964-1980s.html
123	* "AMES Supply General Catalog #5 - August, 1940".
124	* "1975 Smith-Corona Model Prefix Guide", Discovered by Jonathan Kinser from Smith-Corona research.
125	* "Evolution of the Typewriter", C. V. Oden, 1917.
126	* "1912-1923 The Origins and Evolution of the Typewriter" Various Authors.
127	* "The Swedish Densmore Typewriter" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-swedish-densmore-typewriter.html
128	* "All or Nakajima" by Steve K. See: https://etzone.org/2017/06/17/all-or-nakajima
129	* Smith-Corona Series Estimates researched by Nick Bodemer, 2017
130	* Research by Peter Weil, and ephemera from The Cornelia and Peter Weil Typewriter Archives
131	* 1963 Hermes Baby Adjustment Manual B3, from the collection of T. Munk
132	* Underwood Age List, from the collection of Tony Casillo See: http://www.typewritercollector.com/images/underwoodagelist.pdf
133	* 1966 & 1971 Hermes 3000 Adjustment Manuals G4,G6 & 1971, from the collection of Jacques Perrier, Museum of the Typewriter, Lausanne, Switzerland See: https://www.perrier-sa.ch/musee/boutique/
134	* "Korean Typewriters" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/01/korean-typewriters.html
135	* 1985 IBM Replacement Guide Form 71K6222, supplied by Clark Hinson from the collection of Roger Brockevelt
136	* "Blickensderfer’s last hurrah as a Remington" by Mark Adams. See: https://type-writer.org/?p=4294
137	* Blickensderfer Research by Peter Weil, 2017
138	* Etcetera #106-107
139	* "Briefly Blick-Bar" by Robert Messenger. See: http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2016/01/briefly-blick-bar.html
140	"Lexikon historischer Schreibmaschinen seit 1940" (Typewriter Lexikon since 1940) published 2008 by Leonhard Dingwerth.
141	* "Olivetti macchine per scrivere meccaniche" published 2013 by Carlo Torchio. From the collection of Carl Hartmann via Mario Bellini
142	* "The ABC in Detail" by Will Davis and Thomas Fürtig. See: http://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/search?q=abc+in+detail
143	* "The Real Story of the Brosette Typewriter and its successor the Jaykay Portable" by Michael A. Brown. See: http://typexnews.com/links/Brosette.pdf
144	* "A Royal Safari at Eighteen Years on the Net" by Will Davis. See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-royal-safari-at-eighteen-years-on-net.html
145	"The typewriter industry, The impact of a significant technological innovation" 1970 doctoral dissertation by George Nichols Engler, UCLA. See: https://archive.org/details/TheTypewriterIndustry
146	* Research by Ian Brumfield
147	* Typewriter pages from Sears Catalogs: 1900-1985 From the collections of Alan Seaver (mostly), Nick Bodemer and T. Munk.
148	* "Ten Most Wanted Typewriters" by Richard Polt. See: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-10mw.html
149	* Messa Research by Carl Hartmann.
150	* "The Dawn of the Lettera 22" by John Cooper. See: https://atypeofmadness.com/2019/02/12/the-dawn-of-the-lettera-22
151	* "Litton Drags its Caravan Through the Typewriter Desert" by Robert Messenger. See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2019/03/litton-drags-its-caravan-through.html
152	* "Typewriter review: 2019 Royal Classic" by Richard Polt. See: https://writingball.blogspot.com/2019/03/typewriter-review-2019-royal-classic.html
153	* "GENERATION 3000" by Will Davis. See: http://www.willdavis.org/Generation3000.html
154	* "Everything New in Portable Typewriters is Old Again" by Robert Messenger. See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/12/everything-new-in-portable-typewriters.html
155	* "Pretentious Self-Indulgence, and Also Some Pretty Big Breakthroughs" by Ian Brumfield. See: http://dailyclipper.retroid.xyz/2019/07/16/pretentious-self-indulgence-and-also-some-pretty-big-breakthroughs
156	"1965-1969 Royal Line Catalog" from the collection of Ian Brumfield.
157	* "Harris Visible, Rex Visible, Demountable; Name variants; Vim Visible" by Will Davis. See: https://davistypewriters.blogspot.com/2015/01/harris-visible-rex-visible-demountable.html
158	* "1973 NOMDA Blue Book" by National Office Machine Dealers Association.
159	* "Olympia Engineering Bulletin General-3" by ITC, Jan 1, 1969.
160	* "IDENTIFYING AND DATING ANTIQUE CALIGRAPH WRITING MACHINES Nos. 1-4" by Al Sumrall. See: https://oldhoodooblog.wordpress.com/2020/03/20/identifying-and-dating-antique-caligraph-writing-machines-typewriters-nos-1-4/
161	* "Some Type Writers - Their Origin and Uses" By J. B. Huling in Scientific American #575 - January 8, 1887.
162	* "Typewriter, A Celebration of the Ultimate Writing Machine" by Paul Robert and Peter Weil, 2016.
163	* "The Caligraph Publications" by Paul Robert.
164	* "Magic, Maligners and Malfunctions. Part IV – the Waverley, Maskelyne, Rapid, Salter and Many More." by Robert Messenger. See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2020/07/magic-maligners-and-malfunctions-part.html
165	* "Burroughs Adding Machine Company - Typewriters" See: http://www.burroughsinfo.com/typewriters.html
166	* "Hall Typewriter Serial Numbers" by Al Sumrall
167	* LC Smith and Corona Service Bulletins (1939-1954) From the collection of T. Munk
168	* "Research on Halberg" by Theo Verkerk See: https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157289533199678/ https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157248994634678/ https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/permalink/10157259808104678/
169	* Royal Royalite Parts Manuals 1955-1965 From the collection of T. Munk
170	* "FRISTER & ROSSMANN TYPEWRITERS" See: https://www.fiddlebase.com/frister-rossmann/f-r-typewriters/
171	* Dial-a-Ribbon & Typing by Numbers See: https://etzone.org/2022/05/05/dial-a-ribbon-typing-by-numbers
172	* etzone - a summary of Sharp's electronic daisy wheel models See: https://etzone.org/sharp-2/
173	* etzone - a summary of Canon's electronic daisy wheel models See: https://etzone.org/canon/
174	* etzone - a summary of Nakajima All's electronic daisy wheel models See: https://etzone.org/nakajima-all/
175	* "Nakajima Model 800 Typewriter: The most surprising machine of ALL" by Robert Messenger See: https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/07/nakajima-model-800-typewriter-most.html
176	* Établissements Japy Frères, Historique et technologie des machines à écrire, [1946] From the collection of Georg Sommeregger
177	*Leeftijdslijst van Schrijfmachines [1958] From the collection of Robert Godlieb

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